EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS OF OBESITY

Аннотация

Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease that accumulated excess body fat leads to negative effects on health. Obesity continues to accelerate resulting in an unprecedented epidemic that shows no significant signs of slowing down any time soon. Raised body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders, resulting in dramatic decrease of life quality and expectancy. The main cause of obesity is long-term energy imbalance between consumed calories and expended calories. This review summarizes the global trends in obesity with a special focus on the pathogenesis of obesity from genetic factors to epigenetic factors, from social environmental factors to microenvironment factors. Keywords: obesity, epidemiology, body mass index, leptin. ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ И ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА ОЖИРЕНИЯ Аннотация. Ожирение — это сложное многофакторное заболевание, при котором накопление избыточного жира в организме приводит к негативным последствиям для здоровья. Ожирение продолжает ускоряться, что приводит к беспрецедентной эпидемии, которая не показывает существенных признаков замедления в ближайшее время. Повышенный индекс массы тела (ИМТ) является фактором риска неинфекционных заболеваний, таких как диабет, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания и заболевания опорно-двигательного аппарата, что приводит к резкому снижению качества жизни и продолжительности жизни. Основной причиной ожирения является долгосрочный энергетический дисбаланс между потребляемыми и расходуемыми калориями. В этом обзоре обобщены мировые тенденции в области ожирения с особым акцентом на патогенез ожирения от генетических факторов до эпигенетических факторов, от факторов социальной среды до факторов микросреды. Ключевые слова: ожирение, эпидемиология, индекс массы тела, лептин. Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. Although often viewed as equivalent to increased body weight, this need not be the case—lean but very muscular individuals may be overweight by numerical standards without having increased adiposity. Body weights are distributed continuously in populations, so that choice of a medically meaning ul distinction between lean and obese is somewhat arbitrary. 1160 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 3 Obesity is therefore de ned by assessing its linkage to morbidity or mortality. The prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly in most of the industrialized world. Children and adolescents also are becoming more obese, indicating that the current trends will accelerate over time. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of multiple health problems, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, degenerative joint disease, and some malignancies. Thus, it is important or physicians to identify, evaluate, and treat patients or obesity and associated comorbid conditions. There has been a significant global increase in obesity rate during the last 50 years. Obesity is defined as when a person has a body mass index [BMI (kg/m2 ), dividing a person’s weight by the square of their height] greater than or equal to 30, overweight is defined as a BMI of 25.0-29.9. Being overweight or obesity is linked with more deaths than being underweight and is a more common global occurrence than being underweight. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions which are linked to increased mortality. These include Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperlipidemia, hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), certain types of cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and depression. Treating these conditions can place an additional load on healthcare systems: for example, it is estimated that obese have a 30% higher medical cost than those with a normal BMI. As related total health-care costs double every decade, treating the consequences of obesity poses an expensive challenge for patients. Epidemiology: 2017 global nutrition report showed that 2 billion adults are overweight/obese and 41 million children are overweight worldwide. In the last three decades, obesity increased globally; unexpectedly, it is also rising in low- and middleincome countries due to uncontrolled urbanization and nutrition transition (shifting dietary habit from traditional to westernized diet). The global prevalence of overweight in children aged less than five years was increased modestly. The trend of overweight was heterogeneous in low- and middle-income countries. Meanwhile, the prevalence of obesity in children aged 2–4 years has increased moderately. In 1975, children with obesity aged 5–19 years were relatively rare, but it becomes highly prevalent in 2016. In the majority of European countries, the prevalence was increased from 10% to 40% in the last 10 years, and specifically in England, it in