APPROACHES USED IN THE GEOBOTANICAL MAPPING OF PASTURES IN BUKHARA PROVINCE

Аннотация

Focused on creating a map of pasturelands in the Bukhara region based on approaches used in thegeobotanical mapping of pastures. Keywords:Remote sensing, Dynamic monitoring, Geobotanical maps, Spectral indices, Images, Geographicinformation, Map verification, Spectral indices, Block diagram. Introduction:Bukhara region is located in the central part of Uzbekistan and features arid desert and semi-desert ecosystems. Pastures are one of the region's primary natural resources and play a crucial role in livestock farming. However, in recent years, geobotanical changes in pastures have been observed due to climate change and anthropogenic factors. This article analyzes the ecological and geobotanical changes in the process of creating a geobotanical map of the pastures in theBukhara region. 1.EcologicalConditionof Pastures andFactors of Change The ecological condition of pastures in the Bukhara region is changing under the influenceof thefollowing Climate Change: Rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation in the region are leading to a decline in plant composition and density. Agricultural Expansion: The expansion of irrigation and agricultural activities has resulted in the reduction of natural vegetation, as pasturelands are converted into croplands. Land Degradation and Erosion: Soil erosion, salinization,and degradation processes are observed in pastures, negatively affecting plant health. Overgrazing: Excessive use of pastures for livestock grazing leads to reduced vegetation density andthedisappearance of certain plant species InternationalExperience Various strategies have been developed worldwide forpasture management, including: United States: Satellite monitoring is widely used to reduce land degradation through sustainablepasture management programs. Australia: Drought-resistant plant species are introduced to improve pasture vegetation composition. Germany: Long-term monitoring of pastures is conducted using GIS technologies and remotesensing systems. Theimpact ofenvironmental factors onpastures Factors Impact Increased temperature Plant drying, biomass depletion Decrease inprecipitation Decrease invegetation density Expansionofirrigation systems Conversion of pastures to agriculture Increased petpressure Fallowvegetation page1442 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue02,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai 2. Changes in the geobotanical composition of pastures recent studies show that the compositionand cover ofplants in thepastures ofthe Bukhara region are significantly changing: Depletion of plant communities: while some plant species have declined, some have completely disappeared. In particular, the decrease in plants with a fodder value has negative consequences for livestock. Effects of anthropogenic pressure: plant communities are changing and soil degradation isaccelerating as aresult ofover-cultivation ofpastures and increased livestock numbers. The emergence of new plant species: in some pasture areas, a vegetation cover of thorny bushes andweeds is increasing, resistant to arid conditions. Biomass decline: the results of Remote Sensing indicate that plant biomass is decreasing from year toyear. 3. Geobotanical mapping and monitoring remote sensing technologies enable monitoring and analysis of geobotanical changes in pastures. Research shows: plant cover in pastures is being monitored through satellite imagery and UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles). With NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and other vegetation indexes, the vegetation density and biomass content of pastures are being assessed. Through GIS technologies, ecological maps ofpastures are being created and degradation processes are being predicted. Areas of further research:  Expandingexperimental research onrecultivation ofpastures.  Furtherdevelopment ofremote monitoringtechnologies.  Using international experiments to achieve ecological balance in pastures.  To increase biomassand explore thepossibilities offoraging. Conclusion: the pastures in the Bukhara region are undergoing serious geobotanical changes. The main causes of these changes are related to climate change, anthropogenic activity, and land degradation. These processes can be prevented by effectively managing pastures, enhancing environmental monitoring, and creating geobotanical maps. From international experiments, it is important to use remote sensing technologies more widely, restore soil fertility andintroducesustainable livestock methods. page1443 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue02,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Listof usedetiquette: 1. "Remote Sensing ofVegetation" (Second Edition)- George Joseph, Navalgund, J.This book is dedicated to remote sensing technologies and their application in a