INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS’ RIGHTS DURING ARMED CONFLICTS

Аннотация

в данной статье рассматривается международно-правовая система защиты прав журналистов в зонах вооружённых конфликтов. Анализируется применение норм международного гуманитарного права (МГП), права прав человека и регулирования деятельности средств массовой информации с целью обеспечения безопасности и профессиональной неприкосновенности журналистов. В исследовании подчёркиваются возрастающие риски, с которыми сталкиваются представители СМИ, включая преднамеренные убийства, произвольные аресты и насильственные исчезновения, а также проблема безнаказанности за преступления против работников медиа. Особое внимание уделяется роли международных организаций, таких как ЮНЕСКО и МККК (Международный комитет Красного Креста), в защите свободы прессы и реализации правовых гарантий. В статье также анализируются дискуссии вокруг правового статуса журналистов в зонах конфликтов, проводится сравнительный обзор степени защиты, предоставляемой военным корреспондентам и независимым журналистам в соответствии с Женевскими конвенциями и их Дополнительными протоколами. Наконец, рассматривается вопрос о необходимости аккредитации и проблемы, связанные с формированием универсально признанного правового статуса журналистов в условиях современныхвооружённых конфликтов. Annotatsiya:Ushbu maqolada qurolli to’qnashuv hududlarida jurnalistlarning huquqlarini himoya qilishga oid xalqaro-huquqiy mexanizmlar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda xalqaro gumanitar huquq (XGH), inson huquqlari huquqi va ommaviy axborot vositalari faoliyatini tartibga soluvchi normalarning jurnalistlarning xavfsizligi va kasbiy daxlsizligini ta’minlashdagi o’rni ko’rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, jurnalistlarga nisbatan tobora kuchayib borayotgan qasddan sodir etilayotgan qotilliklar, ixtiyoriy ravishda qamoqqa olish, g’oyib bo’lish kabi tahdidlar va ommaviy axborot vositalari vakillariga qarshi sodir etilgan jinoyatlarning jazosiz qolishi masalasi tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada YUNESKO va Xalqaro Qizil Xoch Qo’mitasi (XQXQ) kabi xalqaro tashkilotlarning matbuot erkinligini himoya qilish va jurnalistlar huquqlarini xalqaro- page1326 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue02,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai huquqiy normalar asosida ta’minlashdagi o’rni alohida yoritiladi. Shuningdek, mojaro hududlarida jurnalistlarning huquqiy maqomi bo’yicha munozaralar, xususan, harbiy muxbirlar va mustaqil jurnalistlar uchun Jeneva konvensiyalari va ularning Qo’shimcha protokollariga muvofiq taqdim etilgan himoya kafolatlari solishtiriladi. Maqolaning so’nggi qismida akkreditatsiya zarurati va zamonaviy qurolli to’qnashuvlar sharoitida jurnalistlar uchun umume’tirof etilgan huquqiy maqom shakllantirish bilan bog’liq muammolar muhokama qilinadi. Key words:journalists, armed conflicts, perpetrators, press freedom, International humanitarian law (IHL), killed, conflict zones, war correspondents, hotspots, media protection, international organizations, impunity, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), civilians, Geneva Conventions,security, humanrights. Internationallegal regulation ofthe protection ofjournalists’ rights during armed conflicts. ‘Protecting journalists in times of armed conflict is not only about preserving their lives, but also about ensuring the public’s right to know the truth’. These words of former UN High Commissionerfor Human Rights MichelleBachelet have a profound meaning, but unfortunately, as new clashes intensify, they are taking on an increasingly tragic tone. War claims the lives not only of soldiers and civilians, but also of journalists who risk their lives to report on the events and consequences of armed conflicts. Their mission is tobring the truth to the world community, but,alas, in many cases they are theones who are targeted. History knows many journalists who have sacrificed the most valuable thing in their profession - their own lives. Vietnam, Afghanistan, Syria and other hotspots around the world have been places where correspondents have died under fire, been ambushed or become victims of premeditated murder. We are well aware of these tragic cases. The names of Robert Capa, Mary Colvin and many others have gone down in history as symbols of courage and dedication, and as tragictestimonies to thedeadly threats journalistsface in warzones. According to official figures provided by UNESCO, 2023 was a particularly deadly year for journalists working in armed conflict zones. Illegal acts targeting journalists, including killings, almost doubled compared to the previous three years.1 Specifically, 27 journalists were killed in conflict zones in the last three months of 2023, making it the deadliest quarter for members of the press since at least 2007. Overall, at least 38 journalists and media workers were killed in conflict countries in 2023 while carrying out professional duties, compared to 28 in 2022 and 20 in 2021. Most of