INDEX ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF PERIODONTAL INFLAMMATION

Аннотация

The article considered the main indices aimed at determining the degree of gum inflammationand methodsof theirapplication. Keywords:Periodontal index,gingival index,gum bleeding index. Inflammatory processes in the gum area are a problem that every person faces to a greater or lesser extent and which is quite common in people of different ages. Periodontal indices were proposed to identify inflammatory processes in the gum, as well as an objective assessment. Which allowyou to assess thedynamics ofperiodontal disease. Indices that determine thedegree ofgum inflammation •Papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) •Gingival index •Periodontal index (PI) •Gingival bleeding index One of the most frequently used indices is the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) proposed by I. Shour and M. Massler. It allows to objectively evaluate the degree of inflammation in the gum. The evaluation is carried out using an iodine solution, which is applied to the gums. The degree of tissue inflammation is determined by the reaction to the irritant. In this case, the gum is divided into 3 parts: interdental gingival papillae (P), marginal part of the gum (M), alveolar part of the gum (A). I. Shour and M. Massler proposed evaluation by the presence or absence of inflammation in individual parts of the gum with an index of 0 or 1 for each examined tooth. Based on these studies, C. Parma (1960) proposed to evaluate inflammation in individual parts of the gum. It is assessed on a scale from 1 to 3 points: inflammation of the gingival papilla - 1 point, inflammation of the marginal part of the gum - 2 points and inflammation of the alveolar part of the gum - 3 points.Theoverall indexis expressed as a percentage -assessment criteria: 30%and below- mildgingivitis; From 30% to60% -moderate gingivitis; From 60% andabove -severe gingivitis. 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI.SECNEICS LACIDEM,5202, yraurbeF,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www In 1963, scientists H. Lee and P. Silness proposed a gingival index that allows you to assess the degree of gum inflammation. In this case, the condition of the gums is examined from the vestibular, lingual, medial and distal surfaces. The surfaces of the teeth are assessed on a scalefrom 0to3: 0-normal gums; 1—mildinflammation (slight discoloration, slight swelling, nobleeding when touched) 2—moderateinflammation (gingivais hyperemic, swollen, bleeds when touched) 3 — severe inflammation (marked hyperemia and swelling, high risk of spontaneous bleeding, minorerosions are sometimes observed) The scores are summed up and divided by 4(the number of surfaces) to find the index of the toothbeing examined. Evaluation criteria: 0.1-1 —mildgingivitis. 1.1-2 —moderate gingivitis. 2.1andmore—severe gingivitis. Periodontal index — PI proposed by A.L.Russel in 1956, makes it possible to take into account the presence of not only gingivitis, but also other symptoms of periodontal pathology: tooth mobility, periodontal pocket depth, degree of resorption of the alveolar process, etc. The assessment is carried out as follows: opposite each tooth, appropriate assessments are given, reflecting the state of the periodontal tissues. The following assessments are used 0 — no obvious signs of inflammation, disruption of the structure and functions of the periodontium; 1—mildinflammation ofthegums; 2—gingivitis,inflammation ofthegums around thetooth (no periodontal pocket) 4—initial degree of resorption oftheinteralveolar septa; 6 - gingivitis with formation of periodontal pocket, without visible impairment of periodontal functions; 8 - severe destruction of periodontal tissues with loss of chewing function, loose tooth. To calculate the index, the obtained scores are summed up and divided by the number of examinedteeth; Theindex values ​ ​ are as follows: 98,7:ROTCAFTCAPMI.SECNEICS LACIDEM,5202, yraurbeF,5emuloV gro.srehsilbupcimedaca.www 0.1–1.0-initial and mild periodontal pathology; 1.5–4.0-moderate periodontal pathology; 4.0–4.8-severe periodontal pathology. The bleeding index (H.R.Muhlemann, A.S.Mazor, 1958) allows for an objective assessment of the severity of gingivitis. Using a periodontal probe, pass along the gingival groove from thebase ofthe papillato theapex, along thedistal and mesial surfaces of thetooth. After 20- 30seconds, theintensity ofbleeding isdetermined and recorded in4degrees 1degree -single point bleeding; 2degree -light bleeding alongtheedge ofthe papilla; 3degree -moderate bleeding, fillingtheinterdental trianglewith blood; 4degree -profuse bleeding that occurs immediately after probing. These indices reflect the degree of gum inflammation and are taken into account when making a diagnosis, as well as assessing the quality of oral hygiene. Calculating the indices helps the doctor to determine the causes of gum disease, and is also important in choosing theright methodsfor preventingperiodontal disease.