THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH AND FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF SPEECH

Аннотация

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the concept of speech and its functional types. The linguistic nature, structure and main features of speech are considered, and its manifestation in oral and written forms is highlighted. Also, the official, scientific, artistic, journalistic and oral types of speech and their linguistic and communicative aspects are studied. The article also analyzes the practical importance of types of speech and their role in social communication. Keywords: speech, functional styles, linguistics, communication, oral speech, written speech, formal style, scientificstyle, artisticstyle, journalisticstyle, colloquial style. Speech is the process of using language tools in the process of expressing thoughts and communication. It is studied from thepoint ofview oflinguistics, psychology and sociology, and represents the connection between thinking and language. Scientific studies of speech are aimed at studying its dependence on the linguistic system, as well as the influence of communicative, cognitiveand psychological factors. 1. The difference between speech and language. Language is a system of symbols formed by society and based on rules, and speech is the process of using this system. Language exists as a static phenomenon, which includes rules of grammar, lexis, and phonetics. Speech is a dynamic process and means the form of using language units in real communication. According to the linguistic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure, the concepts of "language" and "speech" differ from each other: 2. Til (langue) –umumjamiyatga xos bo‘lgan belgi va qoidalartizimi. Speech (parole) is an individualized use of language, that is, an act of personal communication. Although speech can be formed by each person in his own way, it is based on the norms of the general language system. Therefore, the level of speech specificity depends on individual lexical coverage, grammatical competence andpsycholinguistic factors. 2. Structural structure of speech. Speech is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, which consistsof thefollowing main structural components: Phonetic aspect - speech is formed through sounds and is based onthe system of phonemes. Oral speech is expressed through sounds, tone and accent. Lexical aspect - the content of speech is formed through words. The richness and clarity of speech depends on the vocabulary. Grammatical aspect - word and sentence units are connected according to grammatical rules. Syntactic and morphological structure ensures the logic of speech. Semantic aspect covers the http://www.internationaljournal.co.in/index.php/jasass 235 Volume15 Issue02, February2025 Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023: 6.995, 2024 7.75 processes of formation of speech content, giving meaning and its perception. These structural aspects of speech are inextricably linked, and their harmony is important for clear and effective communication. 3. Psycholinguistic foundations of the speech process. Speech is not only a linguistic phenomenon, but also related to psychological and cognitive processes. A person's ability to create and perceive speech is closely related to his brain and thinking. From the point of view of psycholinguistics, speech formation includes thefollowing processes: 1.Motivation-a person's need to communicate arises. 2. Selection of language units - relevant lexical and grammatical elements are selected to express theidea. 3. Speech formation - phonetically and syntactically formed speech is expressed orally or in writing. 4. Reception and perception of speech - the listener or reader understands the speech semantically, grammatically and contextually. According to Chomsky's teaching, in the process of creating speech, a person combines language units based on "generative grammar" and has the abilityto createnew sentences. 4.Communicativefunction of speech The main task of speech is the exchange of information between people. In the process of communication, speech performs various functions: The function of information delivery is to convey ideas and knowledge to others. The function of reflecting the outside world is to describe reality and concepts through speech. Emotionalfunction - expression offeelings and influence. The regulatory function is the management of actions by command, advice or direction. Verbal and non-verbal (mimicry, gestures) tools also play an important role in the communicative process. The effectiveness of the speech is determined by its logic, clear structure and relevance to the context. Speech is a high product of human thinking, and it is a communication process carried out through the medium of language. In different literature, speech is classified based on different criteria. Belowwe willdiscuss eachof them separately. 1. The main types of speech. Speech is classified according to several main characteristics: By modality(means ofexpression): oral and written speech. Accordingtotheform ofcom