Epidemiology; risk factors and prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease and obesity in Pakistan

Аннотация

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past several decades, while CVD- related deaths have declined in high-income countries, they have significantly increased in low- and middle- income countries, including Pakistan, which bears The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 21 https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajmspr The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research nearly 80% of the global burden. Obesity, a key leads to CVD. These modifiable risk factors include blood modifiable risk factor for CVDs, has emerged as a pressure, diabetes, cigarette smoking, abdominal serious public health challenge in Pakistan due to obesity, psychosocial index, physical inactivity, high sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and lack of intake of fruits and vegetables, Apolipoprotein awareness. Despite the growing prevalence of obesity B/Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoB/ApoA1) metabolism, and and its strong association with cardiovascular diseases, high intake of alcohol. Figure 1.[4] minimal attention has been given to preventive Numerous research discussing the risk factors of CVD strategies in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan. have been done, however, there is lack of literature in Additionally, economic and political instability further Pakistani setting. The Pakistan health research council in exacerbates the rising trends of CVDs and obesity in 2016 found that in Pakistan, the risk factors for NCDs is the country. Practical efforts are required to enhance growing. [3] Therefore, this study shows the the understanding of risk factors such as poor diet, epidemiologic transition of CVD in Pakistan; it evaluates physical inactivity, and tobacco use while promoting the primary contributors in Pakistan; it focusses on the obesity prevention through targeted interventions. contemporary anticipatory services accessible in the This paper reviews the major modifiable risk factors in nation. The last portion of the study emphasises the Pakistan, highlights available preventive services, and best feasible approaches of encouraging the discusses evidence-based strategies for reducing the adjustments of risk-factors in the Pakistani population. burden of both cardiovascular diseases and obesity at