Color perception disorders

Аннотация

Daltonism is a vision disorder in which the eye is unable to perceive one or more primary colors. This disorder is caused by a defect in the X chromosome. However, this is not the only cause of the disease. Color OPEN ACCESS perception may be impaired due to eye or nervous diseases, traumatic brain injury, severe flu, stroke, or SUBMITED 03 January 2025 ACCEPTED 05 February 2025 heart attack. PUBLISHED 11 March 2025 This pathology was named after the English chemist VOLUME Vol.07 Issue03 2025 John Dalton, who also suffered from this disease, like his relatives, discovered and described the pathology in a CITATION Kakharova Dildora Maribjanovna. (2025). Color perception disorders. The book. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research, 39–42. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/Volume07Issue03-06 COPYRIGHT Keywords: Color perception disorders, color blindness, © 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms pathology, treatment, features. of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License. Introduction: Color vision in humans is provided by special light-sensitive receptors located in the retina— cones. Various pigments contained in the cones allow detecting three color spectrums: 1) red with a wavelength of 552-557 nanometers 2) green with a wavelength of 530 nanometers 3) blue with a wavelength of 426 nanometers. The transmission of the gene for color blindness is linked to the X chromosome and is almost always inherited from a carrier mother to her son. In men, the defect in the X chromosome is not compensated. Today, 2-8% of men and only 0.4% of women suffer from color blindness. Acquired color blindness can develop in an eye if there is damage to the retina or optic nerve. Before the disease develops, difficulties appear in distinguishing yellow and blue colors. Monochromacy is a change in color perception in which a person sees the world only in one color. The disease is classified as an acquired disorder. Dichromacy is a change in color perception in which there is a structural disorder of the eye. Daltonism is a congenital (less commonly acquired) disease that manifests in various defects in color perception. This feature of vision appears not only in humans but also in primates. There are some theories of color vision, and one of them is the trichromatic theory of vision. It was first proposed The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 39 https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajmspr The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research by Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov in 1756 when he We See the Way We Do.” In his work, he outlines the wrote “On the Three Matters of the Eye’s Depth.” In essence of his proposed “skin hypothesis.” Mark 1802, Thomas Young suggested that the human eye Changizi believes that human color vision evolved for has three types of color receptors, each of which is observing significant and minor changes in skin tone, sensitive to red, green, and violet. Half a century later, which are determined by two physiological indicators: in 1853, the theory of T. Young was supplemented by excess/lack of blood and excess/lack of oxygen in the the German biologist and physicist Hermann blood. When blood accumulates under the skin, as in a Helmholtz. He suggested that to obtain different bruise, a blue color appears; if there is a lack of blood, a shades, three primary, pure colors are necessary: red, yellowish tint appears. With excessive oxygenation, the green, and blue. As a result of their mixing, skin turns red; with oxygen deficiency, it slightly turns intermediate colors are produced. green. Each of these processes helps determine a person’s physical and emotional state, which is Another theory is the opponent-process theory. In particularly important in sexual signaling and disease 1870, the German physiologist Ewald Hering recognition. The neuroscientist’s ideas allow several interpreted the results of color mixing, concluding that conclusions to be drawn. Our skin, besides its the visual system contains three substances, each of thermoregulatory, water-repellent, and elastic which perceives the colors of its opponent pair: red properties, has remarkable, almost magical, color and green, blue and yellow, black and white. properties—it can become colorful. Depending on the spectral composition of the perceived light, either synthesis or decomposition of To diagnose color perception disorders in medicine, these substances occurs, creating the sensation of various methods are used. The most well-known and color. popular diagnostic tool is the Ishihara test. It consists of polychromatic plates displaying numbers or geometric There are also other theories of color vision. For figures composed of dots of varying color and example, in 1975, the Soviet scientist Sergey brightness. Against the background of these dots, Dmitrievich Remenko proposed a nonlinear two- different colors are used to highlight numbers