NEOLOGISMS AND THEIR FORMATION

Аннотация

The article deals with the problem of studying of the main peculiar features of the neologisms, the notion of the neologism, its types, functions and the translation issues of neologisms. Key words:neologism, abbreviation, conversion. Neologisms are considered as newly created words or combinations. In many cases, they are known as neologisms when they are used as a dictionary. They are often encountered among news items in the lexicon. The most important aspect of neologism is that it changes the word anditsformation. They are usually found in thefields oftechnology, culture, andscience. Words that were considered neologisms in a certain period become no longer so with the passage oftime. For example: airplane, atom, television, etc. There are several ways to create neologisms, wewill considerthem below. Word-forming tools available in the language: creating a new word using a suffix, prefix, compound word. Examplesof -ian, -ation, which are productive in creating neologisms: musician –musiqabo’yicha mutaxassis. commodification – pulni sotish yoki boshqasiga ishlatish mumkin bo’lgan tovar yoki xizmat. -ship:craftmanship –mahorat, mohirlik. -dom:bangdom –uyushgan banditlik bogdom –hayotdagi to’siq -ize:itemize–ro’yxat tuzmoq institutionalize–qonunlashtirmoq In English, neologisms are formed byadding words. For example: Know-how– texnikani bilish, tushunish(know and understand technique); Break-down – buzilibqolish; Break-up – parchalanish, buzilib ketish; Shut-down– yopilish; Brain-drain – ziyoli va aqlli insonlarning mamlakatdan chiqib ketishi (the departure of intelligent peoplefrom thecountry). page321 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue02,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai Giving a new meaning to a word. In this case, another understood meaning of a word is used in addition to its own meaning. But there is a certain similarity between them. For example: Egg (tuxum)–aviabomba; Summit(baland nuqta)–oliy darajadagi uchrashuv; Domino(o’yin) –organlarni almashtirish bo’yicha operatsiya. Another word: color-blind, while this word previously meant a color-blind person who cannot distinguish colors, in the last quarter of the 20th century, its meaning changed to a word thatmeans aperson who does not distinguish people basedontheir race and nationality. Formation of neologism by borrowing words from other languages. English stands out as a language that lends itself toother languages, especially inbusiness and finance (for example: lag-kechikish, marketing, dealer). But in rare cases, neologisms are formed in English by borrowing words from other languages. Some of these words have a place in English language documents. Khozraschot-sel supporting running –moliyaviy jihatdan o’zinio’zita’minlash; Perestroyka-russian Gai-ge- Chinese Tranche- (france) kredit qismi,ulush; Making anewword byabbreviation. Abbreviations are abbreviations, for example: PC–personal computer(shaxsiykompyuter); An acronym is an abbreviation thatreads likea word. ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) LISP (List processing); Neologisms are often made in English by shortening a word or phrase. Such words are considered acronyms, but may not beconsidered abbreviations: Scuba–self-contained underwater breathing aratus radar –radio detecting and ranging; Types ofabbreviation: page322 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue02,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai 1) Abbreviation; 2)syllabic shortening. Benelux-Belgium, Netherland, Luxemburg HI-FI–High Fidelity (ishonch); Neologismsthat attract attention in business: Promotools–promotional tools(ko’rgazmali materiallar) Showbiz–showbusiness (shou biznes); In English, the followingabbreviations are used: a) vowels are omitted forshort writing: ctr(centre) fwd (forword) jr(junior); b) thebeginning oftheword ispreserved: libs(liberals) dept (department) nukes (nuclear weapons); c) mixedabbreviations: E-mail (electronicmail) X-rays -rengen nurlari H-bomb (hydrogen bomb)-vodorod bombasi; Aletterin aneologism can haveits own meaning withoutbeing an abbreviation: T-shirt –fudbolka(short sleeveT-shaped shirt) U-turn (cars turn180degrees U-shaped) Abbreviations equivalent to words orsentences: B4U–before you 4U–foryou 2B–tobe; And in conversion, a new word is formed by forming another word group through one word group: Thegapis tobebridged inthenear future. Here, bridge(ko'prik) is forming averb from the nounphrase. When creating neologisms with metaphors and phrasal units, we can use the following examples: Dead-cut bounce – literal translation: a dead cat falling on its feet (o'lgan mushukning oyoq bilantushishi). Original meaning: Temporary restoration ofshare prices in thestock market. Dutch-bargain - Dutch agreement; Thelistofused literature: 1. Mo’minov O., Qo’ldoshe