PROBLEMS IN THE TRANSLATION OF TERMS BETWEEN UZBEK AND ENGLISH

Аннотация

This article examines the lexical-semantic and conceptual features involved in translating specialized terminology from English into Uzbek. Additionally, it highlights that a translator must first analyze the phonetic and grammatical properties of each word, as well as its meaning, essence, and function, using both context and dictionaries. Subsequently, the translator mustselect an appropriatelinguisticequivalent in thetarget language. Kеywоrds:term, terminology, specialist, terminological system. INTRОDUСTIОN In the construction of modern Uzbek literary language, terminology holds a distinct place and status. There are two prevailing perspectives on the role of terminology within the linguistic lexicon. According to the first viewpoint, terminology is recognized as an independent layer of literary language vocabulary. In contrast, the second theory suggests that it is separate from the literary language’s lexicon, treating it as a "standalone" entity and equating it with different speech types such as dialects, jargon, and colloquialspeech. The accurate translation of specific terms requires adherence to certain essential conditions. When working with terminology, non-specialists in the relevant field often face significant difficulties in translating and comprehending these terms. One of the primary and inevitable reasons for this challenge is that any terminological word or phrase evolves over time, becoming outdated and being replaced with newer equivalents. In the translation process, understanding such terms and determining an appropriate equivalent often requires revisiting the period when the term was still actively used. In this regard, some terms are replaced with more precise and relevant equivalents, while obsolete terms are substituted with newly developed terminology. MАTЕRIАLS АNDMЕTHОDS In linguistics, studying the origin of a new word is relatively easy, whereas analyzing the etymology and initial semantic characteristics of an old word is significantly more complex. When determining the origin of a word, its phonetic structure and meanings in other languages are compared. Thus, in such a terminological system, in addition to translation, understanding historical linguisticchanges and ongoing language transformations isessential. The modern English terminological system consists of concepts and terms specific to each field whilemaintaining theirlexical-semantic nature. These terms facilitatethe transmission of specialized knowledge related to the field and do not pose significant challenges to translators who adhere to the aforementioned translation requirements. Most English terms translated into Uzbek require interpretation through word combinations or definitions rather than direct equivalents. For example[1]:  "Acute" – In medical terminology, this term refers to the duration and severity of an illness, typically describing a short-term, rapidly developing condition that requires urgent care. It is the direct opposite of the term chronic. The word "acute" can be used for various conditions,ranging from acute bonefractures toasthmaattacks. page51 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ISSN:2692-5206,ImpactFactor:12,23 AmericanAcademicpublishers,volume05,issue02,2025 Journal: https://www.academicpublishers.org/journals/index.php/ijai  "Biopsy" – This term refers to a medical procedure in which a small tissue sample is extracted for microscopic examination to detect cellular abnormalities. The sample can be taken from nearly any part ofthe body, includingskin, organs, and othergenetic structures.  "Embolism" – This refers to blood clots forming in one part of the body, breaking loose, and traveling through the bloodstream to another location—also known as embolus formation. Embolism can enter a blood vessel and block the blood supply to a specific organ or tissue. This process, in turn, leads to the syntactic complication of one-component terminological units. The terms mentioned above are classified as modern and updated terminologies. Consequently, some contemporary words and phrases are often not translated directly but are instead adopted into the target language as loanwords. Furthermore, these terms tend to convey a single universal meaning, a phenomenon closely linked to globalization, makingtheir integration intodifferent languages inevitable[2]. RЕSULTSАNDDISСUSSIОN When translating some old literary works from English into Uzbek, one may encounter archaic terms. Instead of translating them literally, they are often rendered by conveying their modern lexical meaning. This is because such terms have become part of the category of archaic lexemes over time. Occasionally, even in contemporary works, outdated literary terms—such as archaisms and historicisms—are used in ordinary dialogue between characters. This is typically done to enhance thehistorical atmosphere and authenticity ofthetext. In such cases, these terms can be directly translated into Uzbek without signif