Exploring the body-wide effects of traumatic brain injury: a narrative review

Аннотация

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is widely recognized for its profound impact on brain function, but its consequences often extend beyond the brain to affect various extracranial systems. This narrative review explores the extracranial effects of TBI, focusing on the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as immune response and metabolic changes. The review synthesizes current literature on how TBI-induced pathophysiological changes extend throughout the body and influence long-term outcomes, including physical and mental health. The interplay between intracranial injury and extracranial effects is critical for understanding the full scope of TBI’s impact. Future research should emphasize the development of comprehensive treatment protocols that address both intracranial and extracranial effects to improve outcomes for TBI patients.