Structure of minor heart anomalies in children based on echocardiographic data

Аннотация

Over the past decade, the structure of cardiovascular pathology in childhood has undergone significant changes. The proportion of heart rhythm disorders, cardiomyopathies, and congenital heart defects has increased [1,3,9]. Currently, conditions associated with heart changes in connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) are gaining increasing importance [2,4,6]. Keywords: Minor Heart Anomalies, connective tissue dysplasia (CTD). specialists in various medical fields [1,3,5]. Introduction: Over the past decade, the structure of cardiovascular pathology in childhood has undergone In some cases, MHA form the basis of cardiovascular significant changes. The proportion of heart rhythm pathology in children. At the same time, some disorders, cardiomyopathies, and congenital heart researchers consider them to be variations of the norm defects has increased [1,3,9]. Currently, conditions or borderline conditions. However, MHA can, over the associated with heart changes in connective tissue years, independently become a cause of various dysplasia (CTD) are gaining increasing importance complications or exacerbate other pathological [2,4,6]. conditions or diseases [6]. This phenomenon is due to the introduction of An excess of the established threshold level of cardiac echocardiographic (EchoCG) examination into clinical stigmatization in healthy children (more than three practice, which has made it possible to diagnose minor heart anomalies) may indicate potential health numerous diseases at early stages, detect subtle risks related to factors affecting health formation and deviations from the norm, and expand the capabilities parameters characterizing it [2]. The frequency of of cardiologists overall. The non-invasiveness of the detection of MHA by echocardiographic examination method, broad indications for examination, the (EchoCG) among children and adolescents varies possibility of continuous monitoring, and the high between 39% and 68.9%, according to different studies resolution of diagnostic equipment allow for the [2,6]. detection of microstructural changes in the heart. Objective of the Study These changes have been later defined as "minor heart To determine the prevalence and structure of minor anomalies" (MHA) [1,5,8]. heart anomalies in children and adolescents based on MHA refers to hemodynamically insignificant echocardiographic examination data. anatomical changes in the architecture of the heart and METHODS major vessels, which do not lead to severe dysfunction of the cardiovascular system [2,3,7]. These structures Echocardiographic (EchoCG) results of 52 children and (abnormally positioned chords and trabeculae, valve adolescents aged 3 to 15 years who were receiving prolapse, small septal aneurysms, prolapsing pectinate treatment at the regional children's medical center in muscles, an elongated Eustachian valve in the right the cardiorheumatology department were analyzed. atrium, patent foramen ovale, borderline dilation of Data on the examined children were collected using the aorta and pulmonary artery, and functionally clinical-anamnestic-functional methods. The study narrow aorta) have attracted significant interest from included an analysis of the nature of antenatal, International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research 83 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijmscr International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265) intranatal, and postnatal periods, past and concurrent mitral valve. The identified minor heart anomalies diseases, and the presence of cardiovascular included: complaints. • Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) – detected in 23 The examinations were conducted using ultrasound (42.2%) children scanners in B-mode, as well as pulsed-wave and • Abnormally located chords of the left ventricle continuous-wave Doppler imaging (Toshiba Capasee 2 (ALCLV) – found in 19 (36.5%) patients device). Statistical processing of the obtained results • Combined MHA (MVP + intraventricular was carried out using variation statistical methods, and formations) – observed in 10 (19.2%) patients all result values were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010 standard computer programs. Heart structure Furthermore, in 10 children (19.2% of all detected assessments were performed from standard positions, MHA), various combinations of anomalies were using parasternal, apical, subcostal, and suprasternal identified. These included: approaches. • MVP + additional left ventricular chords – 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION cases (11.5%) Ultrasound examination of the heart in children • Additional left ventricular chords + patent revealed various minor heart anomalies (MHA) foramen ovale (PFO) – 2 cases (3.8%) differing in localization and combination. The most prevalent anomalies involved the left ventricle and Table 1 Structure and Frequency of Identified Minor Heart Anomalies (MHA) Number of Cases Percentage Type of MHA (n = 52) (%) Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) 23 42.2% Abnormally located chords of