PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN “OLD” AND “NEW” INSTITUTIONAL SCHOOLS

Аннотация

This article presents the fundamental differences between the “new” and “old” institutional schools, the foundations of their study, and the issues of institutional research through the creation of formal, legal, and administrative structures in institutionalism. In particular, the theories of foreign scholars such as Rhodes, Hirsch, Thelen, and Steinmo are studiedin implementing theseprocesses. Keywords: institutionalism, “old” school, “new” school, political science, democratic norms, institutionalstructures, historical context, social institutions Аннотация. В данной статье представлены основные различия между «новыми» и «старыми» институциональными школами, основы их изучения, а также вопросы институционального исследования через создание формально-правовых и управленческих структур в институционализме. В частности, при реализации этих процессов были изученытеориизарубежных учёных,таких какРодс,Хирш,Телен иСтейнмо. Ключевые слова: институционализм, «старая» школа, «новая» школа, политология, демократические нормы, институциональные структуры, исторический контекст, социальныеинституты. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, political scientists undertook institutional studies. They began by describing and mapping the formal institutions of government and the modern state on a cross-country and comparative basis. Along with constitutional studies (a branch of political science) by law and public administration students, this type of “old” institutionalism in political science focused on the formal, legal, and administrative structures of government. From a modern perspective, old institutionalism was less concerned with theory- building (Shepsle 1989: 132; Easton 1971: 77; Eckstein 1979). The emphasis was on description rather than explanation or theory-building. Studies also often relied on an evaluation framework that attempted to assess the extent to which certain institutions conformed to democratic norms or principles of responsible government (Rhodes 1995). However, old institutionalism is not dead. The description of institutional structures remains an important aspect of political science, and formalism is still important in areas such as constitutional studies and public administration. When the old institutionalists attempted to explain it, they assumed that political behavior was structured by more or less institutional rules or procedures. On this front, there is some overlap between old and newinstitutionalism (Hirsch 1997). New institutionalism refers to the "reintroduction" of institutions, a process that has been ongoing since the 1980s, and the resurgence and expansion of this approach. There have been several reasons for the renewed interest in institutions in political science. First, "social, political, and economic institutions have become larger, more complex, and more capable, and have 68 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS ISSN:3030-332X Impact factor: 8,293 Volume 9,issue1,December 2024 https://wordlyknowledge.uz/index.php/IJSR worldly knowledge Index: googlescholar, research gate, research bib, zenodo,open aire. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=ru&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=wosjournals.com&btnG https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Worldly-Knowledge https://journalseeker.researchbib.com/view/issn/3030-332X become more important in the first place for collective life" (March and Olsen 1984: 734). Second, there has been a renewed interest in the "state" in a number of schools of political analysis, including Marxism and "statism" (Krasner 1984; Skocpol 1985; Bell 1997). Third, institutionalfactors play an important rolein explainingwhycountries have been so different. Responses to the general economic problems of the 1970s and 1980s (especially the oil crisis, inflation, and rising unemployment) (Thelen and Steinmo 1992: 5). Fourth, major revisions of public policy to address such challenges since the 1970s have involved wholesale institutional restructuring, particularly affecting the role of the state and involving major reform of the public sector. The old and new institutional schools occupy an important place in economic theories and social sciences. Theirmain differences are as follows: Old institutionalschool 1. Historical context: The old institutional school was formed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It focuses onstudying economic processes in ahistorical and social context. 2. Social institutions: This school studies the influence of social institutions, traditions, and cultureoneconomic life. It sees institutionsas themain elements of economicactivity. 3. Decision-making: In the old institutional school, the decision-making process is more dependent on social and cultural factors. Human behavior and social relations are important in thisprocess. 4. Economic theories: This school is familiar with classical and neoclassical economic theories, criticizes them, and develops its own theories. 5. Changes: The old institutional school understands