THE INTERACTION OF ANTIHISTAMINE DRUGS IN THE BODY AND THEIR CONTRAINDICATIONS

Аннотация

В данной статье подробно рассматриваются влияние антигистаминных 99 препаратов на организм, их виды и взаимодействие. Антигистамины классифицируются в зависимости от их воздействия на H1- и H2-рецепторы, с акцентом на их способность снижать аллергические реакции, устранять заложенность носа и зуд. Также Originalarticle ISSN:3030-3931, Impact factor: 7,241 Volume 6,issue1,Fevral 2025 https://worldlyjournals.com/index.php/Yangiizlanuvchi worldly knowledge OAKIndex bazalari : research gate, research bib. Qo’shimchaindex bazalari:zenodo,open aire. googlescholar. анализируются взаимодействие этих препаратов с другими лекарственными средствами, возможные побочные эффекты и противопоказания. В статье подчеркиваются риски приема антигистаминных препаратов без рекомендации врача и приводятся рекомендации поихбезопасному применению. Ключевые слова: антигистаминные препараты, аллергия, H1-блокаторы, H2-блокаторы, побочные эффекты, взаимодействие препаратов, седативный эффект, комбинации лекарств,противопоказания,влияниенаорганизм. Introduction: Nowadays, allergic diseases are widespread, and antihistamine drugs play an important role in their treatment. Antihistamines are medications used to reduce allergic reactions by blocking histamine receptors. These drugs are mainly used to treat allergic rhinitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, anaphylaxis, and other allergic conditions, as well as certain gastrointestinal diseases.However, they have varying effects on the body and may cause some adverse reactions. Since these drugs can have different effects on the body, cause side effects, and interact with other medications, they should be used with caution. This article provides detailed information on the types of antihistamines, their effects on the body, drug interactions, andcontraindications. The main part: Antihistamines are used to suppress allergic reactions in the body. They are divided into two categories based on their mechanism of action: H1 and H2 receptor blockers. Theireffects and interactions in thebodyare as follows: 1.Effects ontheCentral Nervous System (CNS) First-generation antihistamines (diphenhydramine, clemastine, suprastin) depress the CNS, causing drowsiness and lethargy. Second- and third-generation antihistamines (loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine) do not affect theCNS and donot induce drowsiness. Interaction: If first-generation antihistamines are taken with sedatives or alcohol, they can cause severe drowsiness and slowreaction time. 2.Effects ontheCardiovascular System Some second-generation antihistamines (terfenadine, astemizole) can cause heart rhythm disturbances. New-generationantihistamines have minimaleffects ontheheart. Interaction: People with heart disease should be cautious when taking antihistamines with beta- blockers ordiuretics, as these drugs can lowerblood pressure. 3.Metabolismand EliminationviaLiver and Kidneys 100 Most antihistamines are metabolized in the liver. Patients with liver disease should adjust their dosageaccordingly. Originalarticle ISSN:3030-3931, Impact factor: 7,241 Volume 6,issue1,Fevral 2025 https://worldlyjournals.com/index.php/Yangiizlanuvchi worldly knowledge OAKIndex bazalari : research gate, research bib. Qo’shimchaindex bazalari:zenodo,open aire. googlescholar. Drugs excreted through the kidneys (e.g., fexofenadine) require dose adjustment in cases of kidney failure. Interaction: Medications that alter liver enzymes (such as erythromycin and ketoconazole) can slowthe metabolismof antihistamines, increasing theirsideeffects. 4.Effects ontheDigestiveSystem H2 receptorblockers (famotidine, ranitidine)reduce stomach acid secretion. SomeH1 antihistaminescan also decrease stomach acid, affecting digestion. Interaction: When taken with H2 blockers, the absorption of antibiotics or other drugs may be reduced. Antihistamines block histaminereceptors inthe body, reducing allergy symptoms such as itching, nasal congestion, and rashes. However, thesedrugs mayalso cause various side effects. 1.Sedative(Drowsiness-Inducing) Effect: Some first-generation antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, clemastine, suprastin) affect the central nervous system, causing drowsiness, fatigue, and decreased concentration. This is particularly importantfor drivers and individualsengaged intasks requiring attention. 2.Dry Mouth and Gastrointestinal Disturbances: Antihistamines reduce acetylcholine levels, leading to dry mouth, constipation, and difficulty urinating. Elderly individualsare more prone tothese effects. 3.Effects ontheCardiovascular System: Some antihistamines can disrupt heart rhythm or alter blood pressure. Terfenadine and astemizolemaycause heart arrhythmias, which is why their useis restricted. 4.Visionand Urinary Problems: Antihistamines can sometimes increase intraocular pressure, which can be dangerous for patients with glaucoma. Additionally, they may cause difficulty urinating in men with an enlarged prostate. 5.Effects ontheNervous System (Especially in Ch