DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1. EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT METHODS

Аннотация

Diabetes mellitus is an extremely common chronic disease, ranking third among the leading causes of death: after cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Sugar (it would be more correct to call it “glucose”) is necessary for our body as a source of energy. Glucose enters the body with food and is absorbed in the intestines, and is also produced by the liver on an empty stomach. Insulin is an important hormone produced by the pancreas and is responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into cells. In turn, the cells convert glucose into energy. Insulin also regulates the production of glucose by the liver. Keywords: insulin dependence, ketoacidosis, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin tolerance, insulin pump therapy, pancreas transplant, glycemic variability, nephropathy. САХАРНЫЙ ДИАБЕТ 1 ТИПА. РАННЯЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА И МЕТОДЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ Аннотация. Сахарный диабет — чрезвычайно распространенное хроническое заболевание, занимающее третье место среди основных причин смерти: после сердечно- сосудистых заболеваний и рака. Сахар (правильнее было бы называть его «глюкоза») необходим нашему организму как источник энергии. Глюкоза поступает в организм с пищей и всасывается в кишечнике, а также вырабатывается печенью натощак. Инсулин — важный гормон, вырабатываемый поджелудочной железой и отвечающий за транспорт глюкозы из крови в клетки. В свою очередь, клетки превращают глюкозу в энергию. Инсулин также регулирует выработку глюкозы печенью. Ключевые слова: инсулинозависимость, кетоацидоз, гликозилированный гемоглобин, толерантность к инсулину, инсулиновая помповая терапия, трансплантация поджелудочной железы, вариабельность гликемии, нефропатия. In type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes, the body's own immune system destroys the pancreatic cells responsible for producing insulin. Thus, insulin does not enter the blood and does not transfer glucose into the cells, which remains in the blood. This condition requires the introduction of insulin into the body through injections, which is why the first type is called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 1474 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 2 Symptoms of type 1 diabetes Late diagnoses and complications are the result of the fact that the first symptoms are often not given enough attention. The main first symptoms include: a feeling of dry mouth; constant thirst; frequent urination; sleep disturbances due to frequent urge to urinate; general weakness, lethargy, fatigue; weight loss; deterioration of vision. One of the common complications of insulin-dependent diabetes type 1, ketoacidosis, is the body’s attempt to compensate for the lack of energy (since glucose is not absorbed) by burning fat, which releases ketone bodies. The presence of a large amount of ketone bodies in the blood is toxic and manifests itself with the following symptoms: acetone smell from the mouth; dizziness; vomiting; abdominal pain; rapid heartbeat; loss of consciousness; coma. Often people go to the doctor only after the first symptoms of ketoacidosis appear, but this complication is life-threatening. Therefore, it is important to know and monitor the appearance of the primary symptoms of type 1 diabetes in yourself or your loved ones, especially children. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 General blood and urine analysis. The glucose level is determined in liquids. Blood is given strictly on an empty stomach, in diabetics the indicator will be higher than normal; HBA1C analysis. The results show the level of glycosylated hemoglobin. Based on the analysis, the doctor determines how much sugar has been in the body over the past 12 days. This is an important indicator for assessing insulin tolerance in diabetes mellitus type 1; Urine analysis for ketone bodies. The results can be used to judge the severity of metabolic disorders. If the content of ketone bodies is high, the patient should be hospitalized; 1475 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 2 Blood test for antibodies to islet cell antigens. The study is necessary for the differential diagnosis of other types of diabetes; Electrocardiography at rest. The examination is carried out annually to screen for cardiovascular pathology. Treatment of the disease It is impossible to cure the patient completely. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 1 is a chronic disease that can be controlled by maintaining the quality and usual way of life. The basis of treatment is insulin therapy. The patient is selected a type of hormone and the dosage for injections is calculated. Injections are given regularly throughout life. Diet for type 1 diabetes Nutrition plays a major role in the treatment of the disease. With type 1 diabetes, the patient must give up sweets, flour, and foods with fast carbohydrates. Meals should be fractional and moderate. It is recommended to add more vegetables to the diet. The best solution is to consult a nutritionist who will help create a balanced menu. Pump insulin therapy Modern medicine offers