EDUCATIONAL ISSUES IN ANTIQUE

Аннотация

In the later periods of historical development, the primitive communal system was replaced by a new social formation, the slave system. In the Ancient East, the first class societies appeared and the foundation of material and spiritual culture was laid. In particular, the peoples of ancient Greece and Rome made a great contribution to the development of this culture. The article discusses the issues of education in antiquity. Keywords: primitive community, system, social formation, slave system, first-class society, material and spiritual culture, ancient Greece and Rome, antiquity, education, historical development, era. ВОПРОСЫ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В АНТИЧНОСТИ Аннотация. В более поздние периоды исторического развития первобытнообщинный строй сменился новой общественной формацией — рабовладельческим строем. На Древнем Востоке появились первоклассовые общества и заложили основу материальной и духовной культуры. В частности, большой вклад в развитие этой культуры внесли народы Древней Греции и Рима. В статье рассматриваются вопросы образования в античности. Ключевые слова: первобытнообщинный строй, строй, общественная формация, рабовладельческий строй, первоклассное общество, материальная и духовная культура, Древняя Греция и Рим, античность, образование, историческое развитие, эпоха. Education began and developed with the emergence of human society. As soon as a child is born, he gets acquainted with the environment through the care of his parents. With the beginning of his life, he acquires production experience and skills, in the process of which mental and physical maturity, culture, moral and aesthetic views are formed in him.[1; 6] In the most ancient times, we also see valuable information about education in examples of folk oral literature - legends, heroic epics, songs, proverbs, and sayings. Because oral folklore, which is a mirror of folk wisdom, summarizes the educational experiences inherent in folk pedagogy. In particular, the ideas, customs, and relationships of primitive people about nature and society are expressed in myths, which are considered one of the oldest genres of oral folklore. 1417 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 2 The heroes of legends fight for good against evil, for light against darkness, creating lands of goodness and happiness. They are examples that have come down to us through the oldest monuments, the Avesta, and Firdawsi's Shahnameh. The concept that humans have gone through periods of savagery, barbarism, and civilization is accepted and developed by many scholars. Among them, the first to be mentioned is the English ethnographer E.B. Taylor. However, the American scientist Louis Morgan comprehensively developed and scientifically substantiated this concept. For this reason, the concept is more often associated with his name. Morgan, in his work "Ancient Society", divides each of these three periods into separate stages. He analyzes each period in connection with the development of material production, the history of individual major inventions. He distinguishes the stages of development of the primitive family.[2; 25] In the later periods of historical development, the primitive communal system was replaced by a new social formation, the slave system. In the Ancient East, the first class societies appeared and the foundation of material and spiritual culture was laid. In particular, the peoples of ancient Greece and Rome made a great contribution to the development of this culture. In particular, in ancient Greece, culture, school, and early pedagogical ideas developed much earlier than in other countries. In ancient Greece, Socrates, Pythagoras, Aristotle, and Plato, based on the idea, created the philosophical basis of their own questions of human development and upbringing. Aristotle, in his "Advice to Alexander" (he was the teacher of Alexander the Great, and Alexander, in turn, preferred Aristotle to his own father), emphasized that the highest virtue of a person is piety, faith, and knowledge, that is, he said: "Piety is perfected through faith. Faith is formed under the shadow of thought and thought.".[3; 22] Greece consisted of several small slave states. Its most important cities were Laconia (capital Sparta) and Attica (capital Athens). In each of these, separate systems of education emerged, called Spartan education and Athenian education. However, in both states, the slave system prevailed. In Greece, slaves were considered "talking tools." Slaves were deprived of even basic human rights. In Laconia (Sparta), due to the lack of convenient harbors for ships to dock, slave- based agriculture prevailed. Slave owners, consisting of 9 thousand families, ruled over a population of more than 250 thousand. Slaves in Sparta were subjected to brutal persecution. Education was the responsibility of the state, and its main goal was to raise Spartan children to be strong, physically healthy, hardy, and skilled warriors and to produce future slave owners