Специфика американской реалистической фантастики XX века

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: Такие литературные течения, как реализм и натурализм, реализм, сыграли значительную роль в развитии американской натурализм, литературы XX века. В то время как реалисты описывали XX век, события, основываясь на наблюдении и отражении деталей американская литература, писатель, повседневных событий, достижения науки, особенно общество, учения Дарвина, привнесли новые идеи и перспективы в личность, литературу, что привело к появлению натурализма в традиции, американском натурализме XX века. В статье направление. рассматриваются факторы, которые привели к появлению американского реализма и натурализма, представителей, внесших значительный вклад в развитие литературы. In American literature, the traditions of realism began in the last quarter of the 19th century and slowly developed, with realistic tendencies in prose continuing till 20th century. Although in the 20th century, literary trends such as naturalism, regionalism, critical realism, psychological realism, modernism were prioritized at certain stages, the literature of the nation in general became in the course of realism. While realism refers to describe life as it is, it is not an exaggeration to say that naturalism is a movement that aims cover all the details in the work. Literary critic E.Werlock compares realism to the art of painting, naturalism to photography [3; 361]. In his view, the realist chooses details with extreme care to depict real life in a model of creation, while the naturalist, like the photographer, describes all existing details in his focus. This aspect also ensures the artistic coloring of naturalistic works. The feeling of concern about American literature and its attitude towards the people of the country was evident in the prose works and the traditions of realism, which peaked in the last two decades of the 19th century, have become dominant. At first, realistic works were based on the observation and reflection of the details of the events of everyday life. American writers were influenced by the development of realism in Europe and Britain; the works of representatives such as J. Eliot (English literature), I. Turgenev (Russian literature), H. Ibsen (Norwegian literature) with its distinct nature have become a source of inspiration, but a writer, U. D. Howells, has spent his whole talents as well as opportunity to make realism play a part in the development of the country's literature. While the writer expressed his thoughts in his scientific speeches about the lifestyles and behaviors, language and cultural features of characters in different layers of society, he supported the fact that in order to take realism a leading place in the democratic country’s literature, many authors’ examples of creative work have to see the world’s face and take a strong place in it. As the vast literature of the United States continues to expand uniting representatives of different nations, D. Howells inspired writers of different races, religions, classes who were writing in a realistic direction, to create works that enhance the people's sense of mutual sympathy. 217 Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics Issue – 2 № 5 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701 In the 20th century, having acted both as a literary advisor and a patron, D. Howells also stated his ideas in his scientific articles on the developing prose of the literature of the nation. The literature of America, influenced by England and the overall significance of European literary traditions, saw the development of the short story—a genre derived from the smaller genres of narrative within the historical context. The prominent representatives of the historical era, the role of American storytelling in the advancement of Italian, Spanish, French, and English novelists, the uniqueness of 20th-century stories, the contribution of writers like H. James, S. O. Jewett, G. Maupassant, I. Turgenev, and others to the genre’s elevation, as well as the harmonious aspects between novella and short story, and the advantages of small narrative genres in realizing artistic intentions, have enriched the perfection of literary works in the national literature with numerous valuable ideas. Particularly, he gave the following definition to the story “it is a form which I have great pleasure in as a reader, and pride in as an American. If we have not excelled all other moderns in it, we have certainly excelled in it; possibly because we are in the period of our literary development which corresponds to that of other peoples when the short story pre-eminently flourished among them” [4; 424]. The 20th-century American realistic stories reached a pinnacle in the nation’s literary esteem, making it one of the crucial genres for gaining fame in the global literary arena. The literary patterns initiated by U.D. Howells continued in the works of prominent authors such as Sh. Anderson, O. Henry, H. James, S. O. Jewett