Когнитивная психология в образовании и управлении

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: Данная статья посвящена краткому обзору когнитивной психология, психологии, которая является одним из относительно когнитивная психология, молодых, но прогрессивных и популярных направлений образование, психологической науки. Когнитивная психология изучает менеджмент, критическое мышление, когнитивные процессы человеческой психики, такие как познание, чувства, внимание, память, воображение, логическое подходы. мышление, представление информации и способность принимать решения. Это направление ориентировано на деятельность сознания и процесс познания, при этом ключевую роль играют внутренние когнитивные схемы и деятельность организма, участвующие в познавательном процессе. Cognitive psychology studies the process of obtaining information about the world by a person, how it is presented to them, how it is stored in memory and becomes knowledge, and also how this knowledge affects a person’s behavior and attention. This direction concerns the entire range of mental processes, from sensations to perception, attention, learning, pattern recognition, memory, concept formation [3]. Also, it concerns thinking, language, memory, imagination, emotions and developmental processes, as well as all possible behavioral areas. This direction appeared in the 50s of the XX century in the USA. Although, the attempts to study the problems of consciousness have been made before, the philosophers of antiquity wondered where thoughts and memory are located. For example, in ancient Egypt, they were believed to be located in the heart. This idea was also supported by Aristotle. However, Plato believed that the place of their storage is the brain. Without going into details, we can say that people showed great interest in the problem of consciousness hundreds of years before cognitive psychology developed into a scientific direction. One of the people who influenced the development of cognitive psychology more seriously is the German psychologist and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt, because he repeatedly said that consciousness has a creative potential. Subsequently, this topic was partially developed in functionalism and structuralism, and only with the advent of behaviorism, which focused not on consciousness, but on behavior, at the beginning of the 20th century, interest in it faded for almost half a century [7]. In the 1950s, a new stage in the development of cognitive science began, one of the pioneers of the movement was the American psychologist Edward Tolman. He pointed out the importance of considering cognitive variables and contributed to the abandonment of the stimulus-response approach inherent in behaviorism. However, the most significant contribution to the formation of the approach was made by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, who studied child psychology, focusing on the stages of cognitive development. And even despite the fact that Piaget's work was devoted mostly to child psychology, the range of applicability of the cognitive approach has significantly expanded, and Piaget himself received the award "For outstanding contribution to the development of science" [9]. Cognitive psychology in its research relies on several fundamental ideas. In the thesis form, we present each of them: 270 Xorijiy lingvistika va lingvodidaktika – Зарубежная лингвистика и лингводидактика – Foreign Linguistics and Linguodidactics Issue – 2 № 2 (2024) / ISSN 2181-3701 • The main objects of study are cognitive processes. These include thinking, speech, perception, imagination, attention and memory. In addition to them, cognitive science deals with the study of human and artificial intelligence, the emotional sphere of personality, developmental psychology, and the process of pattern recognition. • The most important premise of cognitive psychology is the study and analysis of cognitive processes in the form of computer functions. Representatives of the direction consider the cognitive processes of the human psyche exactly, for example, an electronics engineer studies a computer. The computer performs many operations related to receiving, processing, storing and issuing data. Human cognitive functions are responsible for similar operations. • The third idea follows from the second. It says that the psyche processes data in stages. Those any stimulus received from the outside world goes through a chain of ordinal transformations. • Mental information processing systems have their own limiting capacity. This assumption explains the direction of work and tasks of cognitive psychologists – they seek to find the most natural and most effective methods of working with information entering the psyche from the outside world (cognitive therapists use this knowledge to correct the behavior of patients). • All information that enters the psyche through cognitive processes is encoded and reflected in a special (individual) way. • For any research, it is necessary to use chronometric means to assess the response time to the proposed task