Associations between oxidative stress and antioxidant protection system in affective-respiratory paroxysm

Аннотация

Affective-respiratory paroxysm (ARP) is an episodic loss of consciousness that occurs in children, and its mechanism is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in children with ARP. The results show that the ARP group had higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GPx) was decreased. This indicates that the imbalance between oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense system may play an important role in the development of ARP. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of antioxidant therapy in future studies. Keywords: Affective-respiratory paroxysm, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense system, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), pediatric neurology, biomarkers. there is not enough information about its biochemical Introduction: Affective-respiratory paroxysm (ARP) is a mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to study the temporary but serious physiological condition that can relationship between oxidative stress and the occur in children. It has been noted that this condition antioxidant defense system in ARP in more depth. is often associated with stress, age-related immaturity of the nervous system, and biological factors (Halliwell The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship & Gutteridge, 2019). In ARP, the child temporarily stops between oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense breathing, which can lead to hypoxia and increased system in children with Affective-Respiratory Paroxysm oxidative stress. This process may also affect the (ARP). The hypothesis is that in ARP, the antioxidant nervous and immune systems, according to existing defense system may be decreased, while oxidative hypotheses (Ghezzi, 2020). stress may be increased. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it may help develop new therapeutic approaches for Research shows that oxidative stress plays an the treatment and prevention of ARP in the future. important role in various neurological disorders, and this process may also be significant in ARP. Oxidative METHODS stress leads to damage to cell membranes, proteins, This was a cross-sectional study. The study included 40 and DNA due to excessive increase in reactive oxygen children aged 3-7 years with a diagnosis of Affective- species (ROS) at the cellular level (Tain, Hsu, & Chan, Respiratory Paroxysm (ARP) and 40 healthy children as 2022). At the same time, the antioxidant defense a control group. All participants were examined by a system works to reduce this damage. If this system is pediatric neurologist, and the ARP diagnosis was not sufficiently effective, the cells can be damaged, and confirmed based on international diagnostic criteria the symptoms of the disease may worsen. (Kane, Roberts, & Thompson, 2021). The changes in this system in conditions associated Venous blood samples were collected from the with ARP have not been fully studied yet. The research participants. The blood samples were centrifuged to conducted so far has mainly focused on the separate the plasma, which was then stored at -80°C. neurological and psychosomatic aspects of ARP, and As biomarkers of oxidative stress, the concentrations of International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research 13 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijmscr International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265) malondialdehyde (MDA) and the levels of reactive the control group (4.62 ± 0.85 nmol/mL vs. 2.89 ± 0.67 oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed. Additionally, the nmol/mL, p < 0.001). Additionally, the levels of reactive activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and oxygen species (ROS) were also increased in the ARP glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured to assess group (2.31 ± 0.54 µmol/L vs. 1.74 ± 0.41 µmol/L, p < the state of the antioxidant defense system (Tain, Hsu, 0.01). These results confirm that the level of oxidative & Chan, 2022). stress is higher in children with ARP. All data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software. The The activity of antioxidant enzymes was significantly normality of continuous variables was checked using lower in the ARP group. For example, the activity of the Shapiro-Wilk test. The differences between groups superoxide dismutase (SOD) was 3.78 ± 0.62 U/mL in were evaluated using Student's t-test or the Mann- the control group, while it was 2.94 ± 0.55 U/mL in the Whitney test. Correlation analysis was performed using ARP group (p < 0.01). Additionally, the activity of Pearson or Spearman coefficients. Results were glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was also decreased in the considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. ARP group (48.6 ± 7.7 U/L vs. 61.2 ± 8.3 U/L, p < 0.001). This indicates that the antioxidant defense system is Research Findings. The mean age of the children impaired in ARP. p