Results of immunogystochemic study in primary liver cancer developed on the basis of chronic viral hepatitis

Аннотация

This article is devoted to immunohistochemical studies associated with primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma - HCC) developed against the background of chronic viral hepatitis B, C. The topic is relevant, since HCC is one of the aggressive tumors with a high mortality rate, arising as a result of chronic hepatitis B and C, alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. The study included 30 patients examined in 2020-2023, all of whom were diagnosed with viral hepatitis B or C. In the immunohistochemical study, molecular genetic markers (Ki-67, Bcl-2, VEGF, and p53) were studied. According to the results, in cases of HCC associated with viral hepatitis, high proliferative activity (Ki-67 >20%), apoptosis index (Bcl-2), angiogenesis activity (VEGF), and p53 gene suppressor mutations were observed more often. Molecular-genetic markers in primary liver cancer are important in assessing the aggressiveness of the tumor, the degree of metastasis, and the response to treatment. The research results open up new possibilities for improving the diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized therapy strategies for HCC. Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Ki-67, Bcl-2, VEGF, p53 gene suppressor, immunohistochemical examination. Chronic hepatitis, liver cancer, proliferative activity, apoptosis, angiogenesis mutation. liver diseases, including: viral hepatitis B and C Introduction: Relevance of the problem. Primary liver infections, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC) is one of the liver disease [1,2]. most aggressive and fatal malignant tumors. The development of this tumor is associated with chronic In recent years, molecular genetic markers that allow International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research 33 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijmscr International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research (ISSN: 2771-2265) predicting the course of the disease, the likelihood of against tumors that controls the cell cycle and regulates metastasis, and the response to therapy have been apoptosis. p53 mutations lead to uncontrolled cell actively studied. The most important markers in proliferation and cancer development [19]. p53 primary liver cancer are Ki-67, Bcl-2, VEGF, and p53. mutations have been detected in 25-50% of HCC cases. These biomarkers play an important role in the impaired p53 function is associated with tumor mechanisms of: tumor cell proliferation, formation of aggressiveness, therapy resistance, and the risk of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), cell death metastasis [20]. determining p53 levels helps predict (apoptosis), which is very important for determining treatment response. MDM2 inhibitors (negative their diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment tactics regulators of p53) are considered as promising targeted [3,4,5]. therapy for HCC [21]. Ki-67 - a marker of tumor proliferation activity - is a Thus, molecular genetic markers Ki-67, Bcl-2, VEGF, and protein expressed in all phases of the cell cycle (except p53 play an important role in the pathogenesis and for the G0 phase) and is an important marker of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HC). Their degree of cell proliferation. High Ki-67 expression is study will allow improving the diagnosis of the disease associated with tumor aggressiveness, rapid growth, and predicting its course, choosing personalized and a poor prognosis [6]. Studies show that high Ki-67 therapy, and improving the development of new expression in HCC is associated with: high mitotic targeted drugs for HCC [18,19,20]. Further study of activity, rapid progression (development), low-grade these biomarkers is necessary for the early detection of differentiated tumors, shortened patient lifespan [7.8], primary liver cancer and the development of effective high Ki-67 levels can be an independent prognostic treatment strategies. marker in the late stages of the disease [9]. Patients are METHODS classified based on Ki-67 expression: patients with high In the study, 30 patients with primary liver cancer Ki-67 levels require aggressive treatment methods, examined and treated at the Republican Specialized including targeted therapy and systemic treatment Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Oncology and [10]. Radiology and its Tashkent regional branch underwent Bcl-2 - a protein that regulates apoptosis (B-cell retrospective and prospective immunohistochemical lymphoma 2) - is an anti-apoptotic protein that examination in 2020-2023. In this case, all patients had prevents apoptosis (natural cell death). Disruption of a history of viral hepatitis B and C and received apoptosis leads to the survival of cancer cells [11]. treatment. Later, after chronic hepatitis, he was Studies show that Bcl-2 expression was detected in 40- diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 60% of HCC cases. Its high level is associated with: hospitalized. In these patients, the results of resistance of cancer cells to apop