Регулирование субсидий ВТО в аграрном секторе

Аннотация

Ключевые слова: Сельскохозяйственные субсидии исторически были ВТО, весьма спорным вопросом в сфере международной субсидия, торговли, начиная с системы ГАТТ. Эти субсидии, сельское хозяйство, охватывающие как экспортные субсидии, так и меры соглашение, торговля, внутренней поддержки, остаются ключевыми ГАТТ, инструментами для членов ВТО для поддержания и рынок. укрепления их сельскохозяйственных секторов. Однако такие субсидии часто имеют далеко идущие последствия, потенциально нарушая экономическое развитие и торговые интересы других государств-членов, особенно тех, которые зависят от честной конкуренции в торговле сельскохозяйственной продукцией. Нормативная база для субсидий в ВТО в первую очередь установлена в статьях VI и XVI ГАТТ 1994 года, а также в Соглашении ВТО по субсидиям и компенсационным мерам (Соглашение СКМ). Однако сельскохозяйственные субсидии более конкретно рассматриваются в Соглашении по сельскому хозяйству (ССХ), которое предусматривает специальные правила для этого важнейшего сектора. ССХ имеет приоритет над другими многосторонними торговыми соглашениями ВТО, когда возникают споры относительно сельскохозяйственных субсидий, что отражает уникальный и чувствительный характер сельского хозяйства в динамике мировой торговли. В этой статье мы проиллюстрируем регулирование субсидий в 426 Жамият ва инновациялар – Общество и инновации – Society and innovations Special Issue – 10 (2024) / ISSN 2181-1415 сельскохозяйственной сфере и его особенности. Agriculture was initially integrated into the subsidy framework established under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Early efforts to regulate subsidies, including export subsidies, were enshrined in the original GATT provisions,* which required parties to notify other contracting members about the nature and impact of their subsidies. Additionally, these provisions mandated consultation with other contracting parties upon request to address concerns about subsidy effects. A significant milestone in this framework was the prohibition of export subsidies for non-primary products, accompanied by measures to limit export support for primary products. These initial steps laid the foundation for the treatment of agricultural subsidies within the GATT system, setting the stage for future developments. The Tokyo Round concluded in 1979 and introduced the Subsidies Code, the first multilateral agreement aimed explicitly at addressing subsidy rules. This agreement sought to establish discipline over subsidies for both agricultural and industrial goods. However, despite its ambition, the Tokyo Round Subsidies Code faced significant challenges due to its non-binding nature, which limited its effectiveness and enforcement. While these early attempts underscored the need for clear and enforceable rules regarding subsidies, particularly in agriculture, they highlighted the difficulties of achieving consensus and implementing binding commitments in this sensitive area of international trade. These efforts set the stage for the development of more robust and comprehensive subsidy regulations, later formalized under the WTO’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) and the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). The liberalization of the agricultural sector advanced significantly during the Uruguay Round of negotiations, driven by active lobbying from influential states and non- state actors such as the United States and the Cairns Group. These stakeholders strongly advocated for an agreement aimed at liberalizing trade in agriculture. Their efforts culminated in the initiation of agricultural negotiations under the Punta del Este Declaration in 1986. Reaching a consensus on agricultural regulation, however, proved to be a complex and contentious process. Initially, negotiators considered integrating agricultural policies within the broader framework of industrial trade regulation. Ultimately, they opted for a specialized regime to address the unique challenges and sensitivities of the agricultural sector. Although the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 formally applies to both industrial and agricultural goods, agricultural subsidies and trade policies were carved out from the general rules outlined in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement). Instead, they were regulated under a distinct and sector-specific framework: the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). The AoA remains unique within the WTO framework as the sole sector-specific multilateral agreement, reflecting the highly sensitive and contentious nature of agricultural trade. Its establishment marked a significant milestone in multilateral trade * During the 1955 Review Session of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), significant advancements were made in refining subsidy regulations, culminating in the introduction of Section B of Article XVI of the GATT. This provision was specifically designed to address the growing