FORMAL-FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE

Аннотация

This thesis aims to explore the formal and functional characteristics of phraseological units in the English and Uzbek languages, providing a comparative analysis of their structure, usage, and cultural significance. Phraseological units, which are fixed combinations of words with meanings not directly deducible from the individual words, serve as an essential part of both languages, enriching communication and reflecting cultural values. The paper focuses on the structural differences between English and Uzbek phraseological units, analyzing their composition, degree of fixedness, and grammatical peculiarities. Additionally, the study examines the functional role of these units, including their use to convey emotions, social norms, and cultural concepts. The paper also discusses the challenges involved in translating these phraseological units and highlights the importance of understanding the cultural context to maintain the intended meaning. The comparison underscores the deep connection between language and culture, revealing the unique ways in which both English and Uzbek speakers express ideas through idiomatic expressions. The findings of this research provide insights into the intricacies of phraseology and emphasize the importance of phraseological units in both languages as vital tools for communication and cultural expression. Keywords: phraseological units, formal-functional comparison, English language, Uzbek language, idioms, translation, cultural significance. Phraseological units (PU), which are multi-word expressions with a fixed meaning, play a significant role in both the English and Uzbek languages. These units can range from idioms, proverbs, collocations, and set expressions, contributing to the richness and complexity of a language. Phraseological units reflect the cultural and linguistic peculiarities of a language, serving not only as linguistic tools but also as carriers of cultural values and expressions of societal norms. This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of the formal and functional aspects of phraseological units in English and Uzbek, exploring their structural differences and functional similarities. 5 CURRENT APPROACHES AND NEW RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Phraseological units are combinations of words that, when used together, convey a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation of the individual words. These units are often seen as fixed expressions that cannot be altered without changing their meaning. They are integral to daily communication in both English and Uzbek, offering speakers ways to express ideas concisely and effectively. English Phraseological Units: In English, phraseological units often take the form of idioms, collocations, proverbs, and set expressions. For example: "Break the ice" – to initiate conversation or reduce tension. "Kick the bucket" – to die. "Better late than never" – it is better to do something late than not to do it at all. Uzbek Phraseological Units: Similarly, in Uzbek, there are numerous phraseological units, especially proverbs and idiomatic expressions that serve as a mirror of the culture. For example: "Suvdan quruq chiqish" – to come out unscathed from a situation. "Aqlni ishlatish" – to use one's mind or to think carefully. "Yuragi shodon bo'lish" – to be delighted or overjoyed. These phraseological units share the same characteristic of having meanings that cannot be directly deduced from the individual words within the expression. In both languages, they serve to convey deeper meanings and reflect the speakers' worldview. A formal comparison of phraseological units between English and Uzbek involves analyzing their structural composition and the ways in which they are formed. Despite similarities, the structural aspects differ due to the linguistic characteristics of each language. Word Combination: Both languages employ combinations of words to form phraseological units, but the patterns differ. In English, phraseological units typically consist of combinations such as verb + noun, adjective + noun, or verb + preposition. For example: "Make a decision" (verb + noun), "Big deal" (adjective + noun), "Come up with" (verb + preposition). In Uzbek, phraseological units also consist of multiple words, but the agglutinative nature of the Uzbek language introduces different structural patterns. For instance: "Yuzidan kulgi chiqish" (noun + verb construction), "Bir narsaga qaramaslik" (verb + noun construction), 6 CURRENT APPROACHES AND NEW RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCES International scientific-online conference "Ko'nglini olish" (verb + noun construction with possessive suffixes). Fixedness and Flexibility: Phraseological units in both languages exhibit varying degrees of fixedness. Some expressions are more rigid and cannot be altered, while others allow for flexibility. In English, some phrases are highly fixed, and altering them results in a loss of meaning or make