THE INTERPLAY OF LANGUAGE AND MEDICINE: A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF DISEASE AND SYNDROME TERMINOLOGY

Аннотация

In linguistic and medical discourse, the terms for diseases and syndromes exhibit a rich interplay of structural and semantic nuances. Words such as "disease" and "syndrome" often operate synonymously, reflecting both symptoms and conditions. This paper identifies seven principal types of structural and semantic patterns in medical terminology, emphasizing their polysemous and synonymous nature. Medical nouns, whether standalone or multi-word expressions, illustrate this complexity through examples like "Chicago disease" and "Stevens-Johnson syndrome." Additionally, abbreviations like AIDS and STARI highlight the brevity sought in medical phraseology. Borrowed terminology from Latin, Greek, French, and German forms a significant portion of English medical lexicon, with over 60% rooted in classical languages. Eponyms, derived from individuals or fictional characters, further enrich this lexicon, embodying a tradition of honor and functional utility in medical naming practices. The paper also discusses international guidelines aimed at minimizing the cultural and social repercussions of disease naming. Keywords: medical terminology, disease names, syndromes, polysemy, synonymy, eponyms, loanwords, linguistic analysis, structural patterns, WHO guidelines. In language and speech, the words syndrome, disease, illness,sickness denoting the names of the disease and syndrome denoting the symptoms of the disease are often found in a synonymous state, and in linguistics, seven main types have been identified according to their structural and semantic features. Medical nouns can be one word or several words. For example, in English, disonyms such as Chicago disease, Central Core Disease, Huntington's Disease, Kennedy Disease, Duke's disease, and substantive phraseological units denoting syndromes such as Stevens – Johnson syndrome, Aspergers Syndrome, Down Syndrome, etc. Among such medical phraseological units, there are also forms used in the form of abbreviations. Examples of this include Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Southern tick associated rash illness (STARI). Medical phraseology derived from the words virus, fever, and worm, encephalitis or 170 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference illness or sickness includes Colorado tick fever, Dandy fever, Dengue – Break Bone fever, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Marburg hemorrhagic fever – Marburg virus (Filovirus 9), West Nile Fever, Cat Scratch fever, Guinea Worm, Fish tapeworm, Beef tapeworm, Rat tapeworm, Viral encephalitis, California group encephalitis, Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Far Eastern tick-borne encephalitis (Far East tick-borne disease), Lyme – like illness, African Sleeping Sickness, Sleeping sickness. Polysemy and synonymy accompany the development of each new branch of medicine. This is typical of the era of the rapid formation of new terms and the theoretical processing of scientific terminology. Disease names that came from Latin and Greek are used synonymously with their English terms. erythrocyte – red blood cell (RBC); erythrocyte; red blood cells leukocyte – white blood cell (WBC) Loanwords are words that came from other languages, and almost 30% of English words are based on French words. In English, initially, national medical terminologies often adopted medical terms borrowed from Latin. For example, from medical terms, bowel, deglutition, diarrhea, diphtheria, disease, malaise, etc. In addition, 29% of medical terms are from Latin (for example, femur, occiput, puncture, pulp), and 26% have a German basis: these are mainly everyday words: hand, finger, nose, arm, foot, head, hair; about 6% of words came from Greek, for example, diabetes, emphysema, myopia, pneumonia, trauma, and these terms are also used in Uzbek medicine. 6% of terms are borrowed from other languages, and 4% are derived from proper nouns. While some words in English are loanwords, eponyms are words borrowed from other languages, either literally or through root-to-root translation. In medicine, eponyms are names for a disease, condition, or syndrome, usually named after the physician or other health care professional who first identified the disease; more rarely, the patient with the disease; and, more rarely, after a literary character who exhibits symptoms of the disease, because the associated characteristics suggest symptoms seen in that disease. Eponyms are an ancient tradition in Western science and medicine. Being awarded an eponym is considered an honor: "Notoriety, not anonymity, is the norm." The scientific and medical communities consider it bad form to attempt to create an eponym from one's own name. In a time when medicine lacked diagnostic tools to study and accurately identify the underlying causes of many diseases, naming by eponym 171 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference gave doctors a shorthand label for a cluster of symptoms, as well as cataloging the many systemi