METAPHORIZATION IS ONE ACTIVE TERM-FORMATION PROCESS IN COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY

Аннотация

The paper is devoted to the formation of terms in the field of information technology. One of the main sources of replenishment of the terminology system IT is a metaphorization using words of common language. The article also proposes a classification of metaphorical models and types of metaphorical transfers. Key words: term formation, terminology system, metaphor, term - metaphor, metaphorical model. In the modern world, information technology is an integral part of virtually any technological process in all spheres of life. Information technology design, which is understood as “an ordered set of methodologies and means for creating or modernizing information systems”1, has become a relatively new, rapidly developing activity that has enriched the language describing this area with new words and concepts. Such words and concepts are the object of various linguistic studies. Nevertheless, IT terms are among the least studied problems of modern linguistics. There are many definitions of the concept of “term”. Attempts by linguists to formulate a general definition have not been particularly successful, apparently due to the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon. R. I. Komarova writes the following about this multifaceted nature: “There is no unit more multifaceted and uncertain than a term, and there are several approaches to defining a term: some researchers try to give it a sufficient logical definition; others try to descriptively reveal the content of the term, attributing characteristic features to it; the third ones single out the term by contrasting it with some negative unit; the fourth ones look for contradictory procedures for identifying terms in order to then arrive at a strict definition of this concept; the fifth ones try to give at least a “working” definition for now”2. According to the definition of V. M. Leichik, “a term is a lexical unit of a certain language for special purposes, denoting a general – concrete or abstract – concept of the theory of a certain special field of knowledge or activity” 3. Let us cite another definition of the concept of “term”, proposed by K. A. Myakshin after he summarized the most constructive ideas of domestic and foreign linguists: “A term is a generally accepted frequent word (verbal complex), characterized by the unity of sound appearance and the corresponding concept associated with it in the system of concepts of a given field of knowledge and activity and differing from other nominative units in its systemic character, semantic integrity, contextual independence, monosemanticity and stylistic neutrality”4. 1 Kazyuba I.Yu. Fundamentals of designing information systems / I. Yu. Kazyuba. - St. Petersburg: ITMO University, 2015. – p.9 2Komarova R. I. Term system of the heuristic sublanguage (based on the English language) : author's abstract . diss. … candidate of philological sciences / R. I. Komarova. – Odessa, 1991. – p.7. 3 Leichik V. M. Terminology: subject, methods, structure / V. M. Leychik. – M.: LKI Publishing House, 2007. – pp. 31–32 4 Myakshin K. A. Diversity of approaches to defining the concept of “term” / K. A. Myakshin // Almanac of modern science and education. – 2009. – No. 8 (27). – P.110. 275 RAQAMLI DUNYO: MATEMATIK VA INFORMATIK 2025 -Yil YONDASHUVLAR 13-Fevral Respublika ilmiy-uslubiy konferensiyasi Despite the differences in approaches to defining a term, there is a unity of opinion in defining a term as a nominative lexical unit of the language of science, created for the optimally precise naming of concepts in the corresponding field5. V. M. Leichik identifies two main types of combining means for designating general special concepts in the vocabulary of languages for special purposes: spontaneously developing sets – terminologies consisting of lexical units, which he calls “pre-terms”, and consciously constructed sets – terminology systems, consisting of terms proper. The terms themselves can be formed in language in various ways: semantic, morphological, syntactic and morphological- syntactic. According to S. V. Grinev-Grinevich, historical analysis of terms shows that among them usually the majority are terms formed by semantic methods, i.e. “with the help of various types of changes in the meaning of words that previously existed in the language”6. Such methods include borrowings from the common language, accompanied by terminologization, expansion, narrowing of meaning, change of meaning as a result of metaphorical and metonymic transfers, as well as borrowing of terms from other terminology systems. As for the terms of the information technology sphere, metaphorical transfer plays a special role in term generation in this area. This is explained by the fact that metaphorization is one of the most productive methods of nomination due to the ability of metaphor to simultaneously act as a mechanism for cognition and conceptualization of reality, and as a method of the most capacious nomination of various fragments of the surr