THE UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHIASMUS (Based on examples from Uzbek and French literary texts)

Аннотация

This article discusses chiasmus, one of the most commonly used rhetorical figures in syntax. Although the term "chiasmus" has been relatively understudied to date, it has been recognized as a rhetorical figure since ancient times, particularly for its extensive use in religious texts, as analyzed through theoretical perspectives. Additionally, the study examines how chiasmi are employed not only as stylistic devices but also across various fields of linguistics, focusing on the analysis of Uzbek and French paremics. Necessary conclusions are drawn based on this analysis. Keywords: chiasmus, rhetoric, proverbs, stylistic figures, antimetabole, antimetalepsis. УНИВЕРСАЛЬНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ХИАЗМА (На основе примеров из узбекских и французских литературных текстов) Аннотация. В этой статье обсуждается хиазм, одна из наиболее часто используемых риторических фигур в синтаксисе. Хотя термин «хиазм» до сих пор изучен относительно недостаточно, он был признан риторической фигурой с древних времен, особенно из-за его широкого использования в религиозных текстах, проанализированных с помощью теоретических перспектив. Кроме того, в исследовании рассматривается, как хиазмы используются не только как стилистические приемы, но и в различных областях языкознания, уделяя особое внимание анализу узбекских и французских паремий. На основе этого анализа делаются необходимые выводы. Ключевые слова: хиазм, риторика, пословицы, стилистические фигуры, антиметабол, антиметалепсис. As a linguistic term, chiasmus has been recognized since the 19th century, while as a linguistic phenomenon (expressed by terms such as antimetabole, antimetathesis, or antimetalepsis), it has been acknowledged since antiquity, particularly for its extensive use in religious texts. Chiasmus allows for the parallel arrangement of elements while simultaneously creating contrasting effects and causal connections. It should be noted that chiasmus is a constructive figure, often characterized by the intersecting placement of terms in an AB/BA structure, though it can also take on more complex stylistic forms. 434 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 2 In the "Short Literary Encyclopedia", chiasmus is described as one of the additive figures and a type of syntactic parallelism. "Chiasmus is a stylistic figure of antithetical (contrastive) parallelism: the parts of two parallel segments are arranged in the following sequence: (It is easy to become an enemy to a friend; it is difficult to become a friend to an enemy)." The structure of chiasmus belongs to a distinct method of syntactic parallelism. Sometimes, it is viewed as a subtype of syntactic parallelism: in poetic speech, instances of reverse parallelism are characteristic, where the components of the second part of the construction are arranged in the reverse order compared to the first part. Chiasmus offers maximum stylistic flexibility. It can be encountered across all forms of speech in stylistics. Within this scope, it remains unaffected by genre, compositional, or thematic constraints. Chiasmus is employed not only in prose but predominantly in poetry. It can be found in all genres of artistic texts in Uzbek and French languages. Specifically, it appears in religious texts, scientific works, newspaper articles, headlines, epics, folk songs, and aphorisms. In Religious Texts. “Ey ko‘ngil! Sen Alloh meni sevadimi, sevmaydimi, deb qiziqyapsanmi? Xo‘sh, buning o‘lchovi bormi, bor bo‘lsa, nimadan iborat? Sen Allohga qalban naqadar bog‘liqsan? Allohga bo‘lgan ishqing qay darajada – o‘lchov mana shudir”. “Quiconque est né de Dieu, ne commet pas le péché parce que la semence de Dieu demeure en lui et il ne peut pécher puisqu’il est né de Dieu.” From these examples, it is evident that chiasms as purely syntactic stylistic tools play a significant role in ensuring clarity and memorability in religious texts. Despite linguistic and cultural differences, universal patterns can be observed in sacred texts in Uzbek and French. Celui qui verse le sang de l’homme, par l’homme son sang sera versé.1 Drôle d'immeuble situé boulevard Pasteur C'est dans cet immeuble que demeure le pasteur Boulevard. As seen from the above examples in both languages, chiasmus is a purely syntactic stylistic device. Even in religious texts, chiasmus facilitates conveying ideas to the audience in a clear and comprehensible manner while also helping the message remain memorable. Additionally, examples from sacred texts in the compared languages demonstrate that both emphasize the greatness of Allah and the notion that no one who truly recognizes Him would commit sins. This highlights that, despite the linguistic and cultural differences between unrelated languages, there are shared universal aspects. Scientific text. C’est l’énoncé de la réalité qui suggère à l’allemand le jugement. C’est l’énoncé du jugement qui rappelle le réel. 1 De la Bible. P. 118. 435 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Volume 2 Issue 2 Disons qu