EATURES OF THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT AND ITS BONE FORMATIONS

Аннотация

Presents a review of domestic and foreign literature devoted to the morphological features of the temporomandibular joint, which has important applied anatomical and clinical significance. A detailed study of the bone elements of the temporomandibular joint, their location, individual variability, as well as their relationship with other anatomical formations is of fundamental theoretical and clinical importance for dentistry, and in particular: orthopedic dentistry, orthodontics, gnathology. Based on a theoretical review and analysis of scientific sources of literature and publications, the issues of morphological features of the structure of the temporomandibular joint are considered depending on gender, age, type of bite and type of face. Anatomical knowledge of the temporomandibular joint is one of the foundations of clinical practice in dentistry, which allows you to understand pathological changes, conduct a diagnostic assessment and make the right choice of treatment. The bone elements of the temporomandibular joint require careful study, since changes in these components lead to functional disorders in the human body as a whole. Key words: temporomandibular joint, articular space, condylar process, branch of the mandible, glenoid fossa, temporal bone, articular disc. ОСОБЕННОСТИ АНАТОМИЧЕСКОГО СТРОЕНИЯ ВИСОЧНО-НИЖНЕЧЕЛЮСТНОГО СУСТАВА И ЕГО КОСТНЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ Аннотация. Представлен обзор отечественной и зарубежной литературы, посвященной морфологическим особенностям височно-нижнечелюстного сустава, что имеет важное прикладное анатомическое и клиническое значение. Детальное изучение костных элементов височно-нижнечелюстного сустава, их расположения, индивидуальной изменчивости, а также их взаимоотношений с другими анатомическими образованиями имеет фундаментальное теоретическое и клиническое значение для стоматологии, и в частности: ортопедической стоматологии, ортодонтии, гнатологии. На основе теоретического обзора и анализа научных источников литературы и публикаций рассмотрены вопросы морфологических особенностей строения височно- нижнечелюстного сустава в зависимости от пола, возраста, типа прикуса и типа лица. Анатомические знания височно-нижнечелюстного сустава являются одной из основ 175 ResearchBib IF - 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Valume 2 Issue 2 клинической практики в стоматологии, что позволяет понимать патологические изменения, проводить диагностическую оценку и делать правильный выбор лечения. Костные элементы височно-нижнечелюстного сустава требуют тщательного изучения, поскольку изменения этих компонентов приводят к функциональным нарушениям в организме человека в целом. Ключевые слова: височно-нижнечелюстной сустав, суставная щель, мыщелковый отросток, ветвь нижней челюсти, суставная ямка, височная кость, суставной диск. The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the complex joints. It is formed by the articular surfaces of the head of the lower jaw, the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone; it contains a disc inside. The disc consists of fibrous cartilaginous tissue and divides the joint cavity into upper and lower sections. Movements in the upper and lower sections of the joint are different: sliding occurs in the upper section, rotation occurs in the lower section. Complex movements occur in the joint: around the frontal axis - lowering and raising of the jaw; along the sagittal axis - forward and backward movement; around the vertical axis - rotational (lateral) movements. Movements in the left and right joints occur simultaneously. The temporomandibular joint is considered a combined articulation; according to the shape of the articular surfaces, it is classified as ellipsoid. During an ultrasound examination of the TMJ elements the following is visible: - the contour of the head of the lower jaw is a hyperechoic thin continuous line; - lower joint space - anechoic strip above the head of the lower jaw (up to 2 mm in height, uniform); - articular disc - a biconcave lens, which is located above the lower joint space. The disc is divided into sections - anterior and posterior. Between the sections - a thin part, the middle part of the disc. The anterior section of the disc is larger than the posterior. The thickness of the disc depends on the shape and depth of the mandibular fossa: the deeper the fossa - the thicker the disc; the wider the fossa - the thinner the disc. The shape of the disc is flat, narrow. The purpose of the disc is to align the discrepancy between the head and the mandibular fossa and, due to its elasticity, to soften chewing movements. The lower articular surface is formed by the condyle of the lower jaw, which has a diameter in the transverse direction from 15 to 20 mm, and in the anteroposterior direction from 8 to 10 mm. The articular surface of the mandibular fossa is several times larger than the head of the mandible. The mandibular fossa is wider in the medial -lateral direction compared to the anteroposterior direction. The fossa is divided into an anterior p