English for economists

Аннотация

Тақдим қилинаётган ушбу дарслик амалдаги “Инглиз тили” фан ва ишчи дастурларига мувофиқ ёзилган бўлиб, Ўзбекистон Республикаси олий ўқув юртларининг “Иқтисодиёт (рақамли иқтисод)”, “Халқаро иқтисод”, ва “Солиқлар ва солиққа тортиш” таълим йўналишида таҳсил олаётган талабаларга мўлжалланган. Унинг асосий мақсади талабаларни иқтисодиёт, бизнес (тадбиркорлик) ва солиқлар ва солиққа тортиш соҳасига оид матнларни ўқиб тушуниш, шу соҳа бўйича сўз бойлигини мунтазам ошириб бориш, мулоқот доирасида фаол қўлланадиган термин ва атамаларнинг маъноларини тўғри англашни енгиллаштириш, соҳага оид берилган машқларни мустақил тарзда бажариш, таржима қилиш орқали амалий инглиз тилини ўзлаштиришда касбий малака ва кўникмаларини пухта эгаллашларида фойдали манба бўлиб хизмат қилади. АННОТАЦИЯ Данные учебник соответствует действующему учебному план и учебной программе дисциплины «Иностранные языки», предназначена для студентов направлений образования «Экономика (цифровой экономика)», «Международный экономика» и «Налоги и налогообложение» высших учебных заведений Республики Узбекистан. Целью учебника является развитие у студентов навыков чтения и понимания текстов по экономике, бизнесу (предпринимательству) и налоговому законодательству, систематическое повышение лексического запаса по сфере деятельности, облегчение понимания значений устоявшихся терминов и названий, самостоятельное выполнение заданий, а также может послужить полезным источником в усвоении профессиональных навыков английского языка посредством перевода ANNOTATION Presenting this textbook was written according to the current (acting) teaching plan and education standard curriculum of “Foreign Languages”. The textbook was designed for students on practical English specialized “Economics (Digital Economy)”, “International Economy” and “Taxes and Taxation” faculties of Institutes of higher education of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The main aim of this textbook is to enhance communicative competence, reading, speaking, writing and listening skills of the students. As well as students can enlarge and enrich their terminological vocabulary concerning their specialty. This textbook can be helpful source to students in translating authentic texts and doing given exercises independently while acquiring English language. 4 PREFACE This textbook is aimed at helping for the bachelor students of “Economics (Digital Economy)”, “International Economy””, “Taxes and Taxation” faculties of economical universities of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Moreover, foreign language teachers, tutors also can use authentic contextual maeterials, exercises, special terminological vocabulary from this textbook. It supposes that the students gain intermediate, upper-intermediate and advanced level of English knowledge on economics (digital economy), international economy, finance and business spheres. Requirement of the textbook meets B2 and B2+ level according to CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) and course covers the skills of reading, speaking and writing competence. It also helps the students to enhance communicative competence that is the ability to communicate in English due to theoretical and practical situation. The textbook contains various exercises that provide additional practice and is used to improve students’ skills in grammar, reading, writing, and speaking. Enlarges and enriches terminological and phraseological vocabulary as well. The textbook includes authentic texts, expressions, complex of lexical exercises, problematic questions concerning the given texts. Each unit includes real information on a variety of topics. The textbook can be used for both class work and homework. It is recommended for the students of “Economics (digital economy)”, “International Economy”, “Business”, “Taxes and Taxation” faculties of economical universities, specialized financial and business institutes of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The materials of the book are exceptionally scientific and contemporary as well as it has an economic-fiscal character, the texts extracted from authentic and non- authentic sources in order to be easy for apprehension and understanding. It was designed to prove you that you definitely can enhance and improve your communication skills, understanding of English. Furthermore, foreign countries’ experiences of economics, business and financial mechanisms, systems were also used in preparing process of the work. We suppose that this textbook can be helpful to enhance your own use of English and it eases your difficulties in the period of transition to market economy and digital economy. Author highly and deeply appreciate to the Rector of UzSWLU Azizov U.B, editor-in-chief, professor Iriskulov M.T and official reviewers DSc in philology, Samigova Kh and PhD in philology, Boltaqulova G for their valuable recommendations and advice which given for this textbook to be perfectly compiled. 5 UNIT 1. EСONOMICS. GENERAL INFORMATION Text 1 A 1. Before you start. • What