THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS PURPOSE: EARLY APPROACHES AND RESEARCH

Аннотация

The aim of this research is to highlight that although the term "artificial intelligence" is widely used today, many users are unaware of its inventors and the time of its creation. However, it is very important for every user to know who the creator of any product is and what the purpose of its creation is. This article presents the discoveries in the history of artificial intelligence creation, the obstacles that emerged in the development of artificial intelligence, and the research findings on how these obstacles were overcome. Key words : artificial intelligence, history of AI, obstacles and development, AI inventors, AI evolution. The term “Artificial intelligence” was first established as a separate field of study in 1956 in London, the capital of England, by the British mathematician and logician Alan Turing, who was born in 1912. However, the person who first coined the term “Artificial Intelligence” was the American computer scientist John McCarthy, who was born in 1927. Both of these great scholars revolutionized the history of computer science and are considered to be important figures in this field. Each of these two scientists contributed uniquely to the field of artificial intelligence. If we examine their contributions individually, Alan Turing’s original expertise was in mathematics and computer science. He is considered one of the theoretical founders of the field of artificial intelligence. The Turing Test, created by Alan Turing, is a test proposed in 1950 with the goal of proving that artificial intelligence is capable of thinking and acting like a human in various situations. This test has been conducted numerous times, but critics have rejected his advanced ideas. If the test were successful and artificial intelligence passed, it would prove that AI possesses a mind equal to or indistinguishable from that of a human. However, if we look at the history of the ancient world, we can see that the belief in artificial things rather than natural ones existed even in ancient times. Artificial intelligence has undergone significant historical processes in a short period. However, analysts also acknowledge that its history traces back to Ancient Rome and Greece. According to researchers’ theories, in Ancient Greece, artificial power was envisioned in the form of gods who were seen as sources of power by humans. 13 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference During this period, societies that believed in miracles lived based on their ideological views, and this environment stimulated the emergence of new knowledge and learned individuals. Scientific figures like Pythagoras, Aristotle, and Ptolemy carried out inventions that were considered miracles in their time. These ideas formed beliefs about how artificial power could help accomplish impossible tasks, beyond the natural world. The subsequent period of artificial intelligence history was linked to religious views. Religious community members contributed to the development of artificial intelligence by encouraging the acquisition of worldly knowledge. In the Middle Ages, science and technology flourished in the East, which later laid the foundation for the emergence of the Renaissance in the West and gave a significant boost to the development of artificial intelligence. Alan Turing’s research played a crucial role in establishing the scientific foundations of artificial intelligence. In 1936, Turing proposed the “Turing Machine” model, developing a new approach to understanding computational processes performed by computers. This concept later became one of the fundamental principles of modern computers and artificial intelligence systems, earning Turing recognition as one of the founders of artificial intelligence. In 1950, Turing developed the “Turing Test” which, as mentioned above, proved to be a practical measure of how well artificial intelligence could replicate human cognitive abilities. Turing’s research had a significant impact on both the theoretical and practical development of artificial intelligence. His 1950 article, “Can Machines Think?”, brought revolutionary changes not only to the field of computer science but also to the field of artificial intelligence. The central idea of his work was to answer the question, “Can computers think like humans?” The early approaches to artificial intelligence were focused on understanding human thinking processes and modeling them with the help of computers.