Linguistics: from the science of human language to its disciplines and applications

Аннотация

Linguistics is the science that studies human language in all its forms, focusing on the structure, evolution, and functions of languages. This article provides an overview of the various branches of linguistics, such as phonetics, phonology, lexicology, grammar (morphology and syntax), semantics, pragmatics, as well as more specialized fields like cognitive linguistics, paralinguistics, and psycholinguistics. It also discusses the historical developments of the discipline, including the emergence of major linguistic schools and the development of applied linguistics in the 20th century, influenced by technological advances. Finally, it describes several sub- disciplines, such as comparative linguistics, linguistic typology, and dialectology, which allow for the analysis of languages through different synchronic and diachronic perspectives. This analysis highlights the importance of linguistics in understanding language and human communication across time and space. Keywords: Linguistics, Human Language, Communication, Language Science, Linguistic Typology, Linguistic Universals. Introduction: The Grand Encyclopedic Dictionary of The practical orientation, now called "Applied Linguistics provides the following definition of the Linguistics," began to develop actively in the mid-XX science of linguistics: "Linguistics is the science of \\century in connection with the advent of computer human natural language in general and of all the technology and the improvement of technical means. world's languages as individual representatives". The history of linguistics as a science, as well as the Linguistics, in a broad sense, is concerned with the history of different linguistic schools and the stages of understanding of language and the communication of the evolution of linguistic theories, will be analyzed in this knowledge to others for practical purposes. It is depth in the course "History of Linguistic Teachings." interesting to note that the term "Linguistics" was first Linguistics studies the different aspects of language, used in the scientific field in 1847, while the word considering them within its distinct scientific domains. "linguist" (in the sense of "student of language") dates For example, phonetics and phonology are sub- back two centuries earlier. disciplines of linguistics that focus on the study of the Linguistics itself began to be formalized as a distinct sound system of language and its functional science only in the XVII and XVIII centuries, due to its characteristics. great complexity and the lack of knowledge about the Lexicology studies the composition of a language's language-object of this science. vocabulary and patterns of its development. Grammar, In the XIX and XX centuries, there was an expansion of as the science of methods and means of constructing research in the field of linguistics; there were famous and modifying words, as well as methods and means of linguistic schools (in America, Prague, Copenhagen, constructing sentences, is divided into two areas: Moscow, etc.). Ferdinand de Saussure made a huge morphology and syntax. Morphology is the doctrine of contribution to the theory of linguistics, which methods and means of constructing and modifying developed the foundations of structuralism or words. Syntax is the doctrine of methods and means of structural linguistics, and advanced the theory of constructing sentences. Semantics is the science of the language and speech. meaning of words and sentences, parts of speech, and International Journal Of Literature And Languages 36 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834) sentence constituents. Pragmatics examines the Paralinguistics studies non-linguistic (non-verbal) conditions and objectives of communication that affect means in discourse, conveying verbal semantic understanding, which is called "language learning in information within the framework of the verbal context," the study of the relationships between message, as well as the entire set of these means. The language means and those who use these means. study of non-verbal communication is an important element of intercultural communication. Discourse studies and analyzes the characteristics of vocabulary, syntax, semantics, or pragmatics of Paralinguistics is also considered a branch of non- linguistic units, which manifest in actual verbal semiotics. communication acts, speech, and written texts (e.g., Psycholinguistics is associated with the study of speech, sports discourse). the formation of speech (most often of an individual). General Linguistics deals with issues concerning all Psycholinguistics is an independent scientific field that languages, studying the essence and nature of emerged at the intersection of linguistics and language in general, the problem of its origin, and the psychology. It is the study of the psychological aspects general laws of its functioning, as well as the structure of