Cardiovascular diseases and their pathology

Аннотация

This article provides all the latest information about cardiovascular diseases. The article provides information on measures for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and effective methods of prevention. Due to the fact that cardiovascular diseases are common among young people and elderly people, the statistics of this disease were also studied in the article. Key words: cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, myocardium, blood pressure. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis. The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. It is estimated that dietary risk factors are associated with 53% of CVD deaths. Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption and poor sleep, among other things. High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat. It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable. Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake. Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids and diabetes is also beneficial. Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of rheumatic heart disease. The use of aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit. 570 “JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN” JURNALI VOLUME 3, ISSUE 01, 2025. YANUARY ResearchBib Impact Factor: 9.654/2024 ISSN 2992-8869 Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide except Africa. Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990. Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s. Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females. Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD. The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80, while it is around 68 in the developing world. CVD is typically diagnosed seven to ten years earlier in men than in women. Types Disability-adjusted life year for inflammatory heart diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004[16] No data Less than 70 70–140 140–210 210–280 280–350 350–420 420–490 490–560 560–630 630–700 700–770 More than 770 571 “JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN” JURNALI VOLUME 3, ISSUE 01, 2025. YANUARY ResearchBib Impact Factor: 9.654/2024 ISSN 2992-8869 There are many cardiovascular diseases involving the blood vessels. They are known as vascular diseases. Coronary artery disease (coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease) Peripheral arterial disease – a disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs Cerebrovascular disease – a disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain (includes stroke) Renal artery stenosis Aortic aneurysm There are also many cardiovascular diseases that involve the heart. Cardiomyopathy – diseases of cardiac muscle Hypertensive heart disease – diseases of the heart secondary to high blood pressure or hypertension Heart failure – a clinical syndrome caused by the inability of the heart to supply sufficient blood to the tissues to meet their metabolic requirements Pulmonary heart disease – a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system involvement Cardiac dysrhythmias – abnormalities of heart rhythm Inflammatory heart diseases Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves. Inflammatory cardiomegaly Myocarditis – inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart, caused most often by viral infection and less often by bacterial infections, certain medications, toxins, and autoimmune disorders. It is characterized in part by infiltration of the heart by lymphocyte and monocyte types of white blood cells. Eosinophilic myocarditis – inflammation of the myocardium caused by pathologically 572 “JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEA