THE ORIGIN OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS AND THE BASICS OF MODERN CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS

Аннотация

At least three-quarters of deaths from cardiovascular disease worldwide occur in low- and middle-income countries. People in these countries often lack access to primary care programs for early detection and treatment of those with cardiovascular risk factors. Patients suffering from cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries have less access to effective and equitable health services that meet their needs. As a result, the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage in these countries, and many people die from CVD and other noncommunicable diseases at a younger age, often in the most productive years of life. The poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are hardest hit. At the individual household level, there is growing evidence that cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases contribute to household poverty through devastating health care costs and high out-of-pocket costs. At the macroeconomic level, CVDs impose a significant burden on the economies of low- and middle-income countries.