THE GENERAL STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE FERGANA REGION IN THE YEARS AFTER THE WAR (1946-1953)

Аннотация

Ушбу мақолада 1946-1953 йиллар даврий чегарасида Ўзбекистон қишлоқ хўжалигининг умумий аҳволи масаласи Фарғона вилояти мисолида ўрганилган. Фарғона вилояти қишлоқ хўжалигида янги ерларнинг ўзлаштирилиши, янги очилган ерларда пахтачиликнинг кенг йўлга қўйилиши, пахта яккаҳокимлигининг вилоят қишлоқ хўжалиги ва аҳоли турмуш тарзига таъсири масаласи таҳлил этилган. Калит сўзлар: Ўзбекистон қишлоқ хўжалиги, Фарғона вилояти, Марказий Фарғона чўли, пахтачилик, пахта яккаҳокимлиги, ирригация қурилиши, деҳқончилик, ипакчилик, маиший ҳаёт. Аннотация. В данной статье на примере Ферганской области исследован вопрос общего состояния сельского хозяйства Узбекистана в период 1946- 1953 годов. Проанализированы вопросы освоения новых земель в сельском хозяйстве Ферганской области, широкого внедрения хлопководства на вновь освоенных землях, влияния монокультуры хлопка на сельское хозяйство и образ жизни населения области. Ключевые слова: сельское хозяйство Узбекистана, Ферганская область, Центрально-Ферганская пустыня, хлопководство, хлопковая монокультура, ирригационное строительство, земледелие, шелководство, бытовая жизнь. Annotation. In this article, the question of the general state of agriculture in Uzbekistan in 1946-1953 was studied on the example of the Ferghana region. The issues of developing new lands in the agriculture of the Ferghana region, the widespread introduction of cotton cultivation on newly developed lands, the influence of cotton monoculture on the agriculture and lifestyle of the region's population were analyzed. Keywords: agriculture of Uzbekistan, Fergana region, Central Fergana desert, cotton growing, cotton monoculture, irrigation construction, agriculture, sericulture, household life. During the Second World War, the economy of Uzbekistan suffered greatly; food products, clothing, equipment, cars and tractors produced in the republic were used only for the front. The situation in agriculture was especially difficult. Men, the main workforce who had to work in the fields, had just returned from the 46 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference front. Most of them returned disabled, and those who returned to their villages healthy had forgotten a lot because of the war, and their work skills had greatly declined. During the war, the material and production base of collective and state farms was completely destroyed. As a result of military losses, the number of agricultural labor force was significantly reduced. At the beginning of 1946, the working population of collective farms had decreased by 1/3 compared to 1940, and workers constituted only 40% of the pre-war level [1. B.123]. For this reason, the post-war restoration of agriculture began to take place in such difficult conditions. The Soviet people were faced with the task of restoring and improving such a difficult economy. In August 1945, the government of the USSR developed the 4th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy for 1946-1950. According to it, the country's national income was to increase by 38 percent, but if we take into account the country's material losses during the war, this meant reaching the pre-war level [2. B.7]. In the post-war years, the main criterion for the restoration of the republic's agriculture remained the consistent expansion of cotton-sown areas and an increase in the share of cotton in the total sown areas. In addition, in the five- year plan for 1946-1950, Uzbekistan was given the main place as the main guarantee of the independence of the Cotton Union. Soon after the end of the war, in February 1946, the central political leadership adopted a special decision defining plans and measures for the restoration and further development of cotton growing in Uzbekistan in 1946-1953. Local authorities were instructed to take measures to reduce the sowing of grain crops on irrigated lands and move these crops to other lands, freeing up 218 thousand hectares of irrigated land for seeds and alfalfa [3. B.506]. On June 14, 1945, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued a resolution "On measures to restore and further develop cotton production in Uzbekistan" [4. B.862-866]. According to this decision, the total area of cotton crops in the republic in 1940 was 920 thousand hectares, and by the end of 1950 it should be increased to 955 thousand hectares. In 1947, it was planned to completely restore the pre-war level of cotton production. Rural workers of Uzbekistan had to increase the cotton yield annually by developing new lands. According to the five-year plan, by 1950, the cotton harvest in the republic should reach 2 million 139 thousand tons. This figure should be 2.5 times more 47 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference than in 1945. It was also planned to increase the yield of 1 million hectares of cotton fields to 25 c/ha by 1953 [5.