TYPES, CLASSIFICATION, MORPHOLOGY OF TUMORS, AND THEIR CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Аннотация

Tumors are abnormal growths of cells that can occur in any part of the body, leading to a variety of clinical manifestations depending on their type and location. Tumors are generally classified into two main categories: benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors are typically well-defined, slow-growing, and non-invasive, whereas malignant tumors exhibit rapid growth, invasive potential, and can metastasize to distant organs. The morphology of tumors, including cellular appearance, growth patterns, and nuclear characteristics, is crucial for determining their nature and aggressiveness. The clinical presentation of tumors varies from asymptomatic masses to symptoms like pain, weight loss, fatigue, and abnormal bleeding, depending on whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Accurate diagnosis and classification through imaging and biopsy are essential for appropriate treatment and management. This article discusses the various types of tumors, their morphological characteristics, and how they present clinically in patients. Keywords: Tumors, Benign Tumors, Malignant Tumors, Tumor Classification, Tumor Morphology, Tumor Growth Patterns, Cellular Differentiation, Clinical Presentation, Cancer, Metastasis, Diagnosis, Biopsy. Introduction: Papillomas are benign tumors of the mammary layer consisting of a connective tissue base covered with epithelium . They can be observed on the skin or mucous membranes (mostly in the mucous membranes of the stomach, intestines and urinary tract). Papillomas can turn into malignant tumors 112 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference A d e n o m a s - is formed in glandular tissue. Sometimes it can turn into glandular cancer. They are found in all organs of the body with glandular tissue, including salivary glands, lymph, mammary gland, thyroid gland, ovaries, etc. Prostate adenoma D e r m o i d c y s t s - are sac-like structures that are formed as a result of the penetration of smaller pieces of skin during embryonic development . They have a dense membrane, which surrounds a mushy mass of hair (hair), a mixture of epithelial cells migrated with sebum. It is more located in the groin and front chest area. Cancer is the most common malignant tumor that develops from epithelial cells. Cancer affects all organs that have epithelial cells . Epithelium changes and has an atypical structure is a symptom of cancer. Rapid and continuous growth of cancer leads to necrosis of tumor parts, bleeding, then disintegration and formation of cavities and wounds. A cancer ulcer is distinguished by its characteristic features: the edges and bottom are covered with a dense, brown, oily film. Metastases of cancer through lymphatic and blood vessels are characteristic. The cancer process is often accompanied by cachexia (severe weight loss and emaciation) . Cachexia is observed especially quickly when affected by stomach cancer. 113 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Stomach cancer Fibroma — benign tumor formed from connective tissue. It occurs in almost all tissues of the body. More is located in the uterus, skin, subcutaneous tissue. It can grow and become very large. Uterine fibroma 114 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Neoplastic diseases of the mammary gland L i p o m a — a benign tumor formed from adipose tissue. It has a granular structure, is surrounded by a thin-walled capsule, and grows slowly. It is located in any organ with adipose tissue. Lipoma C h o n d r o m a — a benign tumor formed from the tissues of the anus. It is characterized by slow growth. 115 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Finger chondroma ( X-ray appearance ) O s t e o m a — a tumor consisting of bone tissue. It grows slowly. It can become dangerous. Osteoma of the tibia S a r c o m a — a malignant tumor developed from connective tissue . It is called chondrosarcoma if it originates from bone tissue, osteosarcoma if it originates from bone, fibrosarcoma from fascia, lymphosarcoma from lymph nodes, and angiosarcoma if it develops from blood vessels. Sarcoma has all the symptoms of malignant tumors due to its progressive nature. 116 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Sarcoma Angioma- a benign tumor growing from veins. It is divided into lim phangiomas and hemangiomas. Hemangiomas, in turn, are 1) simple or capillary hemangiomas; 2) cavernous or cavernous hemangiomas; 3) divided into branching hemangiomas. In severe hemangiomas, a vascular murmur can often be heard in the area of the tumor. Hemangioma Myoma is a tumor formed from muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tumor is called leiomyoma, transverse muscle tumor is called rhabdomyoma. They grow slowly. 117 THEORETICAL AS