AL-BIRUNI'S ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEWS (HISTORICAL ANALYSIS)

Аннотация

Al-Biruni (973–1048), one of the most prominent intellectual figures of the medieval Islamic world, made significant contributions to various fields, including anthropology. His works reflect a profound understanding of human societies, their diversity, and their interrelation with nature and culture. This article explores Al-Biruni's anthropological views, highlighting his comparative approach to cultures, his emphasis on empirical observation, and his contributions to the study of human behavior, language, and social organization. KEYWORDS Al-Biruni, anthropology, cultural relativism, comparative analysis, Kitab fi Tahqiq ma li’l-Hind, Indian civilization, human societies, empirical observation, interdisciplinary approach, language and culture, religious practices, human- environment interaction, cross-cultural studies, medieval Islamic scholarship.