CAUSES AND COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES

Аннотация

This article provides information about diabetes, its causes, and the changes and symptoms that occur in the cardiovascular system due to this disease. This disease develops slowly and suddenly leads to severe complications. In the beginning, symptoms such as dry mouth, thirst and weight loss are not obvious. The patient is more disturbed by weakness, fatigue and thirst. Despite the high level of glucose in the blood, in type 2 diabetes, the amount of acetone cells in the blood increases, and its appearance in the urine is very rare. Such patients can live without taking insulin. they can use diet, exercise, and blood sugar-lowering medications[1,2]. Keywords: endocrine diseases, insulin, hyperglycemia, genetic factors, somatostatin, glucose, compensation, subcompensation, decompensation, parches. Introduction. Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic disease in developed countries today. The number of people suffering from this disease is increasing from year to year in all countries of the world. This disease is one of the endocrine diseases, which develops as a result of the destruction of beta cells that produce the hormone insulin, as well as as a result of autoimmune damage to the pancreas. Because when beta cells are damaged, insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities. Beta cells are cells that do not regenerate[3,4]. As a result of severe stress, excessive stress, severe fear, these cells are inhibited and do not regenerate. As a result, carbohydrate metabolism is disrupted, the conversion of glycogen to glucose is accelerated, and the absorption and utilization of glucose by tissues decreases, and it accumulates in the blood, as a result of which sugar increases. in the blood, it is excreted in the urine, and the patient becomes very obese. Excess sugar in the blood damages blood vessels and capillaries - that is, their walls become more fragile. As a result, vision decreases, the image becomes blurry. It should be said here that the problem can manifest itself in one or both eyes at the same time. At the same time, if diabetes is not treated, vision may be lost over time. Some diseases, such as rubella, viral hepatitis, mumps, as well as some drugs, nitrosamines and toxic pesticides, can cause gastritis. leads to the destruction of the gland, and if more than 80% of its cells are damaged, diabetes develops. As a result, there is a constant increase in the level of glucose in the blood - hyperglycemia. Complications from this disease can be fatal, which is called hyperglycemic coma[5,6]. 269 https://universalpublishings.com МЕДИЦИНА, ПЕДАГОГИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА Researchbib Impact factor: 11.79/2023 SJIF 2024 = 5.444 Том 2, Выпуск 11, Ноябрь Diabetes can be severe, mild or moderate. In addition, two main types are distinguished. Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent and occurs in young children and people under 35 years of age. With this type, the natural production of insulin completely stops, so these patients need constant insulin injections. This type is manifested by the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting and sudden weight loss, and in children, difficulty urinating at night. Patients with this type may develop life- threatening symptoms. Therefore, patients need urgent help. Type 2 is not insulin- dependent. It occurs mainly in people over forty and fifty years of age. Because of this, the sensitivity of tissues to insulin is impaired. As a result, glucose absorption by tissues becomes difficult and insulin injections are not required. In this case, metabolic processes are disrupted and immunity decreases. As a result of this long-term process, bone tissue is destroyed, that is, osteoporosis develops. Approximately ninety percent of all patients have type 2 diabetes. Also, symptomatic (secondary) diabetes occurs due to other diseases (for example: pancreatic diseases). It is also caused by long-term drug use and genetic pathologies. It also occurs as a result of poor nutrition in people living in tropical regions. Even pregnant women can develop diabetes. and this is called gestational diabetes[7-11]. We diagnose this disease when the blood sugar level exceeds 6.5 mmol/l. Normally, the blood sugar level is 5.5 mmol/l or 80-120 mg%. In diabetes, its level can be 150-250 mg% or more. When the blood sugar level is normal, it is excreted through the kidneys in the urine. it is not excreted, that is, there is absolutely no sugar in the urine of a healthy person. If the blood sugar level exceeds 140-150 mg%, sugar can be detected in the urine. Since the carbohydrates in the food you eat are not absorbed by cells and tissues, they are excreted in the urine, which is why a person quickly becomes hungry and eats quickly. When the fat reserves under the skin break down into fatty substances and turn into glucose, even the proteins and fatty substances in the cells and tissues turn into glucose, enter the blood and are excreted in the urine. As a result, the patient loses weight