THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE STUDY OF EMPATHIC ABILITIES IN MODERN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Аннотация

Today, in the era of advanced information technologies, live communication between people, especially young people, is decreasing, and the form of manifestation of empathic relations is changing. Studying the psychological causes of empathic relationships, determining the factors and conditions that lead to the formation of empathy, and conducting psychoprophylactic and psychocorrective work that increases the importance of locus of control in the development of volitional regulation is one of the urgent issues. Key words: empathic ability, unexpected event, conversation, communication, specific empathy, universal human needs, emotional experience, appreciative attitudes, reflexive abilities. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЭМПАТИЧЕСКИХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ Аннотация. Сегодня, в эпоху развитых информационных технологий, живое общение между людьми, особенно молодыми, сокращается, а формы проявления эмпатических отношений меняются. Изучение психологических причин эмпатических отношений, определение факторов и условий, приводящих к формированию эмпатии, проведение психопрофилактической и психокоррекционной работы, повышающей значимость локуса контроля в развитии волевой регуляции, является одной из актуальных проблем. Ключевые слова: эмпатическая способность, неожиданное событие, разговор, общение, специфическая эмпатия, универсальные потребности человека, эмоциональное переживание, оценочные установки, рефлексивные способности. The phenomenon of "empathic ability" as a psychological mechanism of human spiritual and moral development is recognized as one of the most interesting and relevant issues for modern psychology. Also, as a scientific problem, empathic ability falls within the scope of the general problems of personality formation, and without understanding it, it is unrealistic to talk about a person's spiritual and moral development and his compassionate attitude towards the plight of other people. Before we turn to the psychological aspects of the manifestation of empathic ability and empathic attitude, it seems most appropriate to clarify the circumstances surrounding the first use of the concept of "empathy" in science. 1371 ResearchBib IF-2023: 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Valume 1 Issue 10 As a rule, the word "empathic ability" is defined in a narrow sense as sympathy, understanding the psychological state of other people, while in a broader context, it is understood as a person's irrational knowledge of the inner world of other people, as well as a person's emotional attitude to the experiences of others or as a social feeling inherent in oneself. The term "empathy" was first introduced into science by E. Titchener, who managed to generalize the ideas about "sympathy" developed in philosophical traditions with a number of scientific approaches to empathy. To date, many scientific theories and concepts have been developed in science aimed at scientifically substantiating the concept of empathy, and their analysis requires a specific approach to the problem. The explanation of empathy in connection with the possibilities of consciousness and the teachings of psychoanalysis was given by Z. Freud, K. G. Jung, K. R. Rogers, A. S. Rachman, K. T. Montag, K. K. Lamm, M. L. Hoffmann, J.E. Hakansson, A.P. Goldstein, L.S. Greenberg, M.H. Davis, C.D. Batson, G.T. Barrett-Lennard found its reflection in the studies of foreign authors. In psychoanalysis, empathy is defined by Z. Freud as “empathy is the transfer of emotional states to others”, the process of transferring one’s own motives, feelings and thoughts as a means of protection, presenting them to other people. Even the subject himself may be unaware of this. Empathy is an “unexpected event.” The psychoanalytic approach is a set of scientific ideas that is of particular importance in the system of scientific approaches to the study of the specifics of the manifestation of empathic abilities and empathy as a psychic phenomenon. In 1905, Z. Freud was one of the first to define the concept of empathy: "We take into account the mental state of the patient, put ourselves in that position, and I try to understand the patient by comparing his condition with my own." Thus, understanding the state of the patient or feeling that state in oneself is an empathetic attitude or showing sympathy and caring for others, which is reflected in the ability to understand. K.G. Jung defines the essence of empathy as the search for “subjective content” from an object: “Since the essence of empathy consists in the projection of subjective content, the unconscious action preceding it must have the opposite property, that is, it is a process of restoring the effectiveness of the object. K.G. Jung interprets empathy as a mechanism of extroversion, adaptation, and protection. Thus, empathy is a type of cognitive process, the characteristic of which is that with the help of emotion, some important psychological properties are absorbed into the object,