SHORT HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT KONGRAD REGION

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION Kungrad district is the oldest inhabited area of Ancient Greek historian Strabo gives information Karakalpakstan. According to historians, the most about the existence of the Amu Darya (Ox) - Uzboy ancient traces of historical and cultural - Caspian (Girkan) - Caucasus - Black Sea waterway monuments in Karakalpakstan were found in the [3]. This testifies to the fact that in the pre- territory of the Kungrad district, in particular, in revolutionary period, the Amu Darya flowed along Ustyurt. The settlement of the Paleolithic period, the southeastern foothills of Ustyurt to the Yellow which dates back to 300-100 thousand years BC, is Sea, and beyond that, through the Uzboy, to the located in the southwest of the Barsakelmes salt Caspian. It was during these periods that life began lake near wells called Esen-1, Esen-2 [1, 8]. In the in the cities of the present-day Kungrad district, Neolithic period, that is, in the 5th-3rd millennia such as Vazir (Dawkesken), Aybuyrkala BC, the tools of people made of flint are often found (Jampykkala). Because trade is also developed in the Ustyurt steppe. People in the Neolithic along the waterway connecting India and the period were mainly engaged in hunting [2]. Caucasus countries. From the Ustyurt space to the Bronze Age b.c. The Many monuments dating back to the 1st century monuments of the III-II millennia include the and the 19th century are located in Ustyurt. burial sites of Karakuduk. Early Iron Age BC. There Especially from the 9th-10th centuries, the are burial mounds, arrows of a copper-made territory of the current Kungrad district became a arrow, and monuments of the Savromat-Sarmati center of civilization, and today there are many tribes, located in the distance from the Sekseulsay, historical and cultural monuments of that period. which dates back to the 7th-11th centuries BC, to The reason for this is the change in the flow of the the border of Kazakhstan. Amu Darya. That is, until the 9th century, the Amu https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajssei 219 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND EDUCATION INNOVATIONS (ISSN- 2689-100X) VOLUME 06 ISSUE12 Darya flowed into the Aral Sea from the territory of Shamuratov, as well as other scholars, provide the city of Kat (now Beruni), then it flowed into the valuable information about the cities and historical Aral Sea along the eastern side of the Ustyurt sites in the territories of Kungrad possessions [6]. Mountains between Mizdakhan and Gurganj [4, Scientists have different opinions about the 445]. During the Mongol invasion, the Amu Darya ancient place of Kungrad. Some say that Pulzhai road was turned to the Yellow River. At the same was the ancient place of Kungrad, while other time, the Amu Darya flows along the southeastern scholars call it Bukhara or Hakim. foothills of Ustyurt, creating the basis for the Indeed, the Qönğirot tribes lived in the 13th prosperity of such cities as Vazir, Tirsek, Shemaha, century near Old Urgench [7, 120]. In 1625, the and Adak. Aral Governorate (or Kungrad Oblast) was In the Middle Ages and subsequent periods, established in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya peoples lived in the Ustyurt space and in the delta River. In the 18th century, the peoples around the of the river, they built many cities, fortresses, Aral Sea region lived independently of the Khiva caravan palaces, and dug wells during their time. Khanate. Its capital, Kungrad, was equal to the For example, the cities of Daukesken (Vazir), Puljay medieval capital of Khorezm, Gurganj (Gone (Jazkempir, Tengeshashkan), Burahan, Adakkala, Urgench). The inhabitants of the Aral Sea region Tuprokkala, Ketenlar, Jampikkala, Oybyuri in the were called the Elders. The cities of Chimbay, Kungrad district were famous even in the Middle Kungrad, and Khojeli, located near the Aral Sea, Ages, while caravan palaces such as Beleuli, Churik, belonged to the Aral Sea region. The southern Kosbulak, Ajigeldi along the old "Nogai Road" border of the province extended to Mailyshengal. caravan route were considered the commercial In 1643, the islanders elected Abilgazi khan. artery connecting the peoples of Central Asia with Abulgazi moved the capital of Khorezm from the the Volga region and the countries of Eastern city of Wazir to Khiva [8, 9]. Europe. Ambassadors, merchants and other In the book "New History of Karakalpakstan": "In passengers from Europe, from the Lower Volga to the 17th-18th centuries, in the north of Khorezm, the indigenous peoples passed through the Kunrad in the lower part of the Amu Darya, the Aral (or to Old Urgench, Khiva, Bukhara, Samarkand and Kungrad) region consisted of Uzbeks and other major trading centers in Central Asia, where Karakalpaks, the center of which was originally the artisans lived. The peoples of Central Asia went on city of Kungrad, then the city of Shakhtemir, the Hajj journey through the second caravan route located near Chimbay. This possession w