Linguistic characteristics of english dictionaries and their new ways of compiling

Аннотация

The main trends in the development of English lexicography are described, British, American and Russian dictionaries are singled out, which are the most important in the history of English lexicography. Much attention is paid to the classification of dictionaries and the characteristics of the main types of dictionaries in the English language. The structure of dictionaries and dictionary entries is analyzed on the material of English dictionaries. Key words: dictionary, lexicology, linguistic meanings of words, characteristics, classification, articles. The present sorts of English dictionaries are very diverse. This diversity is explained, first of all, by means of the complexity of the item of the lexicographic description itself, this is, the language. in addition, the numerous desires of society obtaining the most numerous data about the language also complicate and amplify the repertoire of dictionaries. There is nearly no manner to offer in a single dictionary all, to a point, comprehensive records about the language, that is why in any country wide lexicography, we discover masses of dictionaries of various types. Depending on what the dictionaries describe, what's the situation in their description, they're divided into encyclopedic and linguistic. The primary, as you know, do now not explain words as such, but objects, matters, occasions, phenomena. Encyclopedic dictionaries monitor the extent and content of principles about those gadgets, matters, activities, phenomena. In linguistic dictionaries, in contrast to encyclopedic dictionaries, it isn't always the object or idea denoted via the given phrase this is defined, but the word itself, that is, the word is characterized as a unit of language, which means of the phrase, its grammatical, spelling, orthoepy features are given, its stylistic associations indicated. The linguistic dictionary offers the spelling and pronunciation of the phrase. Then he lists the primary grammatical varieties of the word, then offers a grammatical description of the phrase. That is followed by means of the disclosure of the semantic structure of the phrase, displaying what meanings it has and the way and when those meanings are found out in speech. Encyclopedic dictionaries are compiled not via philologists, but by means of professionals in various fields of expertise. Most often, encyclopedias are the collective work of many scientists, specialists of their field of information. Linguistic dictionaries are created by means of philologists or lexicographers, that is, linguists who're mainly engaged in compiling dictionaries. The most effective department of dictionaries is carried out in step with the quantity of vocabulary supplied in them. Relying on the volume of the dictionary, it is normal to differentiate large, medium, small and very small dictionaries. L. Zgusta proposes to single out a brilliant-large dictionary and (over four hundred thousand phrases) [1; p. 65]. Probably, large dictionaries of lexicography encompass dictionaries containing over one hundred thousand words. Medium dictionaries encompass dictionaries containing from 40 to 100 thousand phrases. Dictionaries containing from 10 to 40 thousand phrases can be attributed to small ones. Very small dictionaries are dictionaries containing less than 10,000 phrases. There's no consensus among 76 lexicographers as to which class to encompass dictionaries with more than a hundred thousand phrases. As an example SV Grime adheres to the above-cited classification [2; p. 65]. L.P. Stupid believed that even a dictionary containing one hundred fifty thousand dictionary entries can hardly ever be labeled as large. He classifies them as dictionaries of the center kind [3; p. 65]. It's far typically standard that entire dictionaries of the English language comprise extra than four hundred thousand words. The trouble of dividing dictionaries into linguistic and encyclopedic ones is of first rate theoretical and realistic importance. A few linguists believe that terminological dictionaries also integrate the functions of encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Due to the linguistic nature of the information about the lexical unit contained in them, from the factor of view of the general literary language, the information contained in them is rather extra linguistic. High-quality Czech lexicographer L. Gusto divides all linguistic dictionaries into several corporations in step with unique criteria one of the maximum vital divisions into synchronous and diachronic. Diachronic dictionaries recall the history of the improvement of lexical devices. Those consist of etymological and ancient dictionaries. Historic dictionaries describe the improvement of the vocabulary of the English language for a certain duration of development. Etymological dictionaries pursue the intention of explaining the origin of the phrase, organizing its authentic form and original which means. Synchronous dictionaries replicate the lexical c