Structural and semantic characteristics of pharmaceutical terms and neologisms

Аннотация

This scientific article discusses the derivational affixes borrowed from Latin into English as well as Uzbek and Russian languages recorded in lexicographic sources and the peculiarities of their functioning in pharmaceutical terminology. Discusses the causes and conditions for the emergence of new words (neologisms) in the English language, and analyzes the special role of compounding (compound words) in the formation of neologisms in terms of word formation. Therefore, the results of a number of foreign scientific researches were discussed. The study concluded that structural and semantic features of pharmaceutical terminology in three languages are an effective method of forming neologisms and that their study is a requirement of our time. Keywords: terminological system, structural and semantic features, terminological combinations, pharmaceutical terminology, productive derivative series, word-formation elements, neologism, professional language. Introduction. Language is a phenomenon so unique and multifaceted that it research will never be exhausted. The replenishment of the dictionary with new lexical units is one of the main and driving factors in the development of the ISSN 2521-3261 (Online)/ ISSN 2521-3253 (Print) DOI 10.37057/2521-3261 https://journalofresearch.eu/ 3 European Journal of Research volume 6 issue 3 2021 pages 3-16 language. The material wealth of a particular nation is certainly reflected in the language (its vocabulary). The more developed the spheres of society, the more new words are “born” in the language. At present, the medical branch vocabulary, like many other branches of science is developing; research on new vocabulary to help people communicate successfully should be conducted continuously. A huge influx of new words and the need to describe them led to the creation of a special branch of lexicology - neology - the science of neologisms - new words denoting new objects and concepts, but not yet included in the active vocabulary of the language. [5] However, the theory of neology in English studies has not yet taken shape as an independent area of lexicology. The medical industry of the second half of the twentieth century is especially replete with new terms. As Tatarinov notes, in order to include a word in the dictionary of neologisms, it is required that it be used for a year, however, in the lexicographic center of the University of Oxford, a period of five years is allocated for this, which contributes to the exclusion of the possibility fixing all kinds of ephemeral words and occasionalisms. Pharmaceuticals as a science is replete with terms, i.e. words and phrases denoting scientific concepts that reflect the essential properties and characteristics of an object. A characteristic feature of the term is that it is necessarily included in a certain terminological field. As in other branches of science, terms are often formed as a result of metaphorical transference. The terms are adjoined by nomenclature words that designate specific objects and objects related to a certain area of human activity, most often professional. Meanwhile, according to R. Burchfield, the English language is replenished with 800 new words per year - this figure is much more than in any language in the world. This factor actualizes the problem of not only displaying new words in dictionaries, but also studying them. According to the statistics of scientists, less than 5% of the terminology of medicine has Anglo-Saxon roots, the vast majority of terms are of Greek, Latin, Arabic, French, German or Italian origin. For example, antibiotic (French from Greek) - антибиотик, target ISSN 2521-3261 (Online)/ ISSN 2521-3253 (Print) DOI 10.37057/2521-3261 https://journalofresearch.eu/ 4 European Journal of Research volume 6 issue 3 2021 pages 3-16 (Italian) - мишень, acetilscholin (gr.+ German) - ацетилшолин, canceradeux (gr. + fr.) - рак двоих, biohazard (gr. - Arab .) - биологически риск. In pharmaceutical terminology, the neologization of the new era was directly related to the emergence of a new bourgeois society and to the expansion of the need for new terms, which led to the need to improve the systematics of medical realities and their nominations. A generic terminological unit appeared. The basis of such a unit was such a phrase that could connect reality with its species and genus. But the original genus and species nominations did not linguistically express their essence. Gradually, when with another lack of elements nouns and adjectives switched to the use of verbal elements, a situation arose of modeling really new terms that were already directly related to medical semantics. The new terminology becomes monosemic at the model level but gradually acquires its own polysemy, synonymy, forms its own abbreviation and eponymy, using morphemes from different languages. It follows that the term in medicine is a historical concept and phenomenon [I, 32, 38]. In pharmaceutical terminology, the neo