FUNCTIONS OF PARALINGUISTIC MEANS

Аннотация

The article considers the functions of paralinguistic means in written and oral speech. The use of paralinguistic means is very diverse and is used in all speech acts, both in oral and written communication. In the structure of the utterance, paralinguistic means act as paraphonational and parakinesic means. The author analyzes excerpts of works by foreign writers and makes an argument about the polyfunctionality of paralinguistic means. Keywords: linguistic and paralinguistic means, paraphonetic and parakinetic means, polyfunctionality, emotivity, expressivity, functionality. The main task of communication is to strive for a correct and complete understanding of communicants. In order to adequately convey his thought, a person uses various means offered by language, as well as non-verbal means. The language does not always have enough linguistic expressive means to fully convey the content invested in them. As the researchers note, “these tools in any language are more or less limited, incomplete and insufficiently perfect. Language very often expresses something approximately, it is forced to go to its goal in complex and roundabout ways” [4, c.91] A large branch of science that studies the transmission of information in a non- verbal way is called paralinguistics. Paralinguistics, which studies nonverbal components, is divided into three types: a) paraphonetic (various types of filling pauses, tempo of speech, timbre, volume, melodization, etc.), specific speech sounds (ethical, social and dialect); b) parakinetic (gestures, facial expressions, gestures, posture, etc.); c) graphic (punctuation marks, handwriting, graphic additions, symbols such as §, & etc.). These tools are called the term “paragraph”. [3, c. 367] Despite a significant number of works devoted to the study of paralinguistic phenomena, many issues related to the problems of socio-cultural, pragmatic, cognitive factors determining the functional essence of paralinguistic phenomena remain insufficiently developed. The actual problem of paralinguistics is the problem of functional conditionality of paralinguistic means. Functionality is the main parameter, the essential feature of paralinguistic tools. 34 DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN SCIENCES International scientific-online conference Currently, the attention of linguists is mainly focused on the study of the functional aspect of paralinguistic means. However, the functions associated with the expression of various emotions are mainly noted. In recent years, studies have appeared on the comparative nature and functioning of non-verbal means in German, English, Chinese, Korean, Tatar, Kazakh languages (M. Kurbanov, I. Kreidlin, O.V. Mudraya, N.V. Dutova, etc.); issues of verbal and non-verbal transmission of emotions in different linguistic cultures (E.Y. Mirtskhulava, M.D. Gorodnikova, etc.); national and cultural specifics of paralinguistic means A.F. Losev, P.A. Florensky, A. Gehlen, N.A. Bernstein , M. Moss, etc.). A review of the linguistic literature on this issue has shown that the following functions of paralinguistic means are mainly considered: a) expressive, aimed at enhancing the expressiveness of speech; b) emotional, aimed at expressing various emotions and describing the inner emotional state of the communicant; c) the function of characterizing communicants in terms of their age, gender, social characteristics, cultural, educational, and professional level. Paralinguistics, as the science of nonverbal communication, is characterized by various approaches to the analysis of paralinguistic means. In fiction, especially in the speech of the characters, the paralinguistic means that are used in various communication situations are most clearly reflected. Considering paraphonetics, it is necessary to focus on the concept of "phonation". Phonation, in general, is defined as a physiological phenomenon associated with the properties of the human vocal apparatus. Phonation signs such as timbre, voice strength, overtones, diction, etc. are noted. It is important to keep in mind that certain phonation signs can, on the one hand, characterize the physiological properties of a person (innate features of timbre, diction, speech defects, etc.), on the other – the properties of a person's voice caused by his internal psychological state, for example, voice volume, gnashing of teeth, whispering, etc. Only in the second case, in our opinion, phonation signs can be considered as paralinguistic means, since they carry a certain semantic and functional load Ernest Hemingway's short story “The First Forty-nine” contains words of a paralinguistic nature: “Finish your breakfast and we’ll be starting.” “It’s not light yet,” she said. “This is a ridiculous hour.” Just then the lion roared in a deep-chested moaning, suddenly guttural, ascending vibration that seemed to shake the air and ended in a sigh and a heavy, deep- chested grunt. 35 DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN M