THE STUDY STAGES OF THE LIFE AND STATE ACTIVITY OF AMIR TIMUR IN FRANCE IN THE 16TH CENTURY

Аннотация

This article highlights the study of Amir Temur’s life and statesmanship in France in the 16th century. Factors that led to the study of Amir Temur’s activities in the field of statehood by orientalists such as Jean Bodin and Louis Le Roy were included in this study. Key words: Amir Temur, Francis I, Jean Bodin, Louis Le Roy, College de France, Franco-Ottoman alliance, religious wars, universalism. Introduction. The rise of religious wars in the internal politics of France in the 16th century and the desire of the French kings to achieve an absolute monarchy created the need to study the statesmanship of Amir Temur among the great rulers of the Maze. Similarly, during this period, the increasing influence of the Habsburgs throughout Western Europe led to the establishment of relations between France and the Ottoman state. The main goal of the two partner states was to prevent their territories in North Africa and the Middle East from being controlled by the Habsburgs. Therefore, in 1536, the “French- Ottoman” alliance was formed between the King of France Francis I and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman I. The union of the representatives of the Christian and Muslim countries has been seriously criticized in France. However, the success of joint military expeditions between the two countries led to the growth of the countries' military and economic sectors. The acceleration of the exchange of ambassadors led to the transfer of the research of Eastern languages and culture in France to the patronage and control of the king. As a result, by the middle of the 16th century, the study of the Arabic language was started at the Royal College (College de France). Literature analysis and method. Information about Amir Temur in the works of several French historians, such as “Six Books of the Republic”, “Book on the vicissitude or variety of things in the universe”, “History of the Great Tamerlan” which provide information about the period under study. the data were comparatively and critically analyzed and scientific conclusions were substantiated. Also, based on the principles of scientificity, objectivity, and 13 DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN SCIENCES International scientific-online conference historicity, the method of comparative analysis was used in the research of scientific views presented in scientific literature. Discussion and results. The collection and study of Oriental manuscripts in France reached a special stage in 1536 when French ambassadors led by Jean de la Foret were sent to Constantinople. Guillaume Postel, who worked as a translator in this diplomatic mission, was also tasked with collecting interesting manuscripts for the royal library. The French orientalist studied social life in the Ottoman Empire along with the search for sources. During the period of struggle between Catholics and Protestants in France, the concept of “universalism” appeared in the views of Guillaume Postel, who observed that Christians, Muslims and Jews lived under one rule, in harmony, in Asia Minor. Initially, in the first half of the 16th century, this idea did not achieve high results in France, but during the religious wars, the concept of universalism became one of the main tasks of scientists. Although this idea did not achieve high results in France in the first half of the 16th century, Jean Bodin (1530-1596) made a great contribution to popularizing the concept of universalism during the religious wars. In 1576, the French jurist spoke about the issues of universalism, sovereignty, public law in the work “Six Books of the Republic” [1]. This work is considered the highest of the studies conducted by Jean Bodin and brought great fame to the country. Chapter V of the second book of the study discusses the issue of tyranny in the work of Roman emperors such as Solon, Julius Caesar and Nero, the importance of the legend of Hercules, and the relationship between Amir Temur and Sultan Bayazid [1, 253-255]. In the study, it is emphasized that it is necessary to correctly analyze the policy of Sahibqiran towards the Ottoman Turks, that it was the reason for the breaking of the military power of the Ottoman Empire by Amir Temur in order to ensure justice, and the saving of Constantinople from the invasion policy of Sultan Bayazid [1, 255]. In addition, this research focuses on the issue of religious tolerance policy of Amir Temur towards different nationalities living under his rule. Louis Le Roy (1510-1577) was an orientalist who extensively analyzed the life and state activities of Amir Temur in France in the 16th century. If we take into account that the work “Book on the vicissitude or variety of things in the universe” [3, 118] published by the French historian in 1576, was published in the period of political and religious crises in France, then the orientalist  Explanation: Universalism is a moral worldview opposite to individualism, a way of thinking that considers the universe as a