SIGNS OF RADICALIZATION – THE EXAMPLE OF ḤIZB AL-TAḤRĪR

Аннотация

The development of society and the modern world can only be ensured through effective combating of radicalism, violence, and extremism. Different countries possess unique methods and experiences in combating radicalism. The article analyzes the experiences of countries such as Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Pakistan, and China in fighting against radicalism. Specifically, it discusses the practices in Saudi Arabian penal institutions dealing with convicts of radical ideas, Singapore's approaches to self-radicalization, educational and rehabilitation programs in Pakistan deradicalization centers, and China's strategies against separatism. The article provides an analytical approach and explores specific solutions to these problems. Saudi Arabia has developed a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to combating radicalism, violence, and extremism, with programs addressing both prevention and rehabilitation. This approach positions the Kingdom as a leading example in tackling radicalization within a conservative, religious framework. Despite facing global challenges such as terrorism and extremist threats, Saudi Arabia has established itself as one of the world’s safest nations. According to the Global Terrorism Index 2020 by the Institute for Economics and Peace, Saudi Arabia achieved a terrorism risk score of zero, underscoring its effectiveness in maintaining national security and ranking it among the safest countries, alongside Turkmenistan, Slovenia, Singapore, Togo, and Gambia [2]. Saudi Arabia’s approach begins within its correctional facilities, focusing on prisoners convicted of crimes linked to extremism and terrorism. The authorities work closely with these individuals to understand the root causes of their radicalization. Through direct engagement, a comprehensive program is structured to address these causes with a blend of religious, psychological, and cultural rehabilitation. In this process, religious scholars and counselors are brought in to provide inmates with an accurate understanding of Islam, aiming to clarify and correct any misconceptions or distorted interpretations that may have influenced their actions. The program emphasizes “pure” Islamic teachings, which include values 55 SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM International scientific-online conference of peace, respect for life, and compassion—principles that contradict extremist ideology. Additionally, the Kingdom promotes a positive rehabilitation environment by encouraging family connections and personal development, allowing inmates to celebrate family milestones, participate in sports, and engage in productive activities. This approach reinforces the idea that a balanced life includes both spiritual and social elements. Muḥammad bin Nayef Counseling and Care Center - significant component of Saudi Arabia’s anti-radicalization strategy is the Muḥammad bin Nayef Counseling and Care Center, established in 2004 under the Ministry of Interior. This specialized center works with individuals who have been influenced by radical ideologies, offering targeted programs to aid their reintegration into society. The center provides an 8 to 12-week rehabilitation program for individuals nearing the end of their prison terms. This program is designed to prepare them for a return to normal, productive lives and to help them overcome psychological, social, and ideological barriers that might otherwise hinder their reintegration. The center offers a range of support services, including: Medical and Psychological Support: Professional medical care and psychological counseling address trauma, stress, and other mental health issues stemming from their previous involvement in extremist activities. Social and Financial Assistance: The center provides financial guidance, legal aid, and social services, helping rehabilitated individuals reintegrate with dignity and stability. Vocational Training and Employment: Individuals are trained in vocational skills relevant to the job market, and the center assists in job placements to ensure that they have meaningful employment opportunities upon release. This holistic approach ensures that rehabilitated individuals have a solid foundation to rebuild their lives, reducing the likelihood of recidivism. Saudi Arabia’s strategy demonstrates a proactive and humane model, offering support to those impacted by radical ideologies while safeguarding society from further risks. In addition to working within its borders, Saudi Arabia has extended its anti-radicalization efforts to address those affected by extremism in conflict zones. For instance, the Kingdom has been successful in reintegrating 147 underage individuals who were previously involved in combat activities in Yemen. This project focuses on young people who have been exposed to radical ideologies or directly involved in armed conflict. Through intensive counseling 56 SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM International scientific-online confere