MAHMUD ZAMAXSHARIYNING ISLOM HUQUQI RIVOJIDA TUTGAN O‘RNI

Аннотация

Maḥmūd Zamakhsharī is a great mufassir, mutakallim, jurist who came from Movarounnahr. When the scientific, cultural and economic situation in Mā Warāʾ al-Nahr was in decline, Maḥmūd Zamakhsharī served to revive and restore science, specially in Qur’ān and fiqh sudies with selfless scientists. Ten of his works are known today, and scientific researches on these works continue without stopping. This article will be one of the main sources of Ru’ūs al-masā’ill in the development of Islāmic law. Key words: Nuʿmān ibn Thābit, Maḥmūd Zamakhsharī, ibn Khallikān, Ḥājjī Khalīfah, Muḥammad ibn Idrīs ash-Shāfiʿī, Ru’ūs al-masā’il, Tāj al-tarājim, Qur’ān. O‘tmishda o‘tgan har bir mujtahid o‘zi yashayotgan diyor shart-sharoitini ham yaxshi bilgan va bu muhit uning fatvolarida o‘z aksini topgan. Shuning uchun turli diyorlardagi mujtahidlarning ba’zi masalalar bo‘yicha bergan fatvolari bir-biriga o‘xshash bo‘lmagan. Masalan, Imom Shofeiy (r.h.) Hijozda yashayotganida bir fatvoni bergan bo‘lsa, Misrga borganidan so‘ng undagi shart-sharoit taqozosidan kelib chiqqan holda boshqacha fatvo bergan. Yoki bir masala bo‘yicha Iroqda yashagan Imom Abu Hanifa (r.h.) bilan, Madinada yashagan Imom Molik (r.h.)ning fatvolari bir biridan farq qilgan. Har bir musulmon islom hukmlariga o‘z diyorlaridagi mujtahidlarning fatvolariga muvofiq amal qilgan. Bu islomda mazhablarning yuzaga kelishiga sabab bo‘lgan1. Mujtahidlik maqomiga erishish uchun ilmning kamida besh sohasini mukammal bilish talab etilishi ma’lum. Mazkur talab ijtihodning eng quyi darajasi uchun belgilangan. Fiqh va 1 S.Saidjalolov. Islomdagi mazhablar va oqimlar.-T:. Toshkent islom universiteti nashriyot-matbaa birlashmasi, 2012. B. 29. 35 ` faqihlarga bag‘ishlangan kitoblarda ijtihodning quyidagi yetti darajasi mavjudligi zikr qilingan: 1. Mujtahidi mutlaq. Abu Hanifa No‘mon ibn Sobit, Muhammad ibn Idris Shofeiy, Molik ibn Anas, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Sufyoni Savriy, Abdurahmon Avzo’iy kabi ham usuliy, ham far’iy masalalarda mustaqil yondashuvga ega bo‘lgan hamda o‘z fiqhiy mazhablariga asos solgan mujtahidlar2. 2. Mujtahidi mazhab. Usulda mazhabboshiga ergashgan, ammo ayrim juz’iy masalalarda u bilan farqli qarashga ega bo‘lgan mujtahidlar. Imom A’zamning ikki mashhur shogirji Imom Abu Yusuf, Muhammad ibn Hasan Shayboniylar kabi. 3. Mujtahidi muntasib. Usulda ham, furu’da ham mazhabboshiga ergashgan holda mazhabboshidan hech qanday rivoyat bo‘lmagan masalalarda fatvo bergan mujtahidlar. 4. Mujtahidi muxarrij. Bir mazhabdagi mujtahidlarning turli fatvolari orasidan dalili kuchli va sahihini ajratib bergan mujtahidlar. 5. Mujtahidi murajjih. Bir mazhabdagi mujtahidlarning fatvolarini saralab, ulardan qaysi biri yaxshiroq va haqiqatga yaqinroq ekanini aniqlab beruvchi mujtahidlar. Ayrim olimlar muxarrij va murajjih darajalari asli bir toifa deydilar, mazmun jihatdan bir-biriga yaqin bo‘lgani uchun. 6. Muftiylar va huffozlar. Mujtahid darajasiga yetmagan, mazhab masalalarida mustaqil fatvo bera olmaydigan, ammo fiqhni chuqur o‘zlashtirgan, mazhabdagi fatvolarning ko‘pini yod olgan (huffoz – hofizning ko‘pligi – yodlagan, yodlaganlar) kishilar. Ular mazhab fatvolarini kishilarga yetkazib beruvchilardir. 7. Muqallidlar. Ijtihod va fatvo darajasiga yetmaganlar. Ularga mazhabga ergashish vojibdir. To‘rtinchi hijriy asrgacha ko‘plab mujtahidlar faoliyat olib borgan, har birining o‘ziga xos uslubi, yo‘nalishi bo‘lgan va ko‘plarining o‘z mazhablari bo‘lgan. Abdulvahhob ibn Ahmad as- Sha’roniy (vaf. 973/1565) o‘zining “al-Miyzan ash-sha’roniyya” asarida mazhablar sonini quyidagicha zikr qilgan: 1. Abdulloh ibn Mas’ud (r.a.) (vaf. 32/653) mazhabi 2. Oisha (r.a.) (vaf.58/678) mazhabi 3. Abdulloh ibn Umar (r.a.) (vaf. 73/692) mazhabi 4. Umar ibn Abdulaziz ibn Marvon ibn Hakam (vaf. 101/720) mazhabi 5. Mujohid ibn Jobir (vaf. 104/722) mazhabi 6. Sha’biy (vaf. 103/721) mazhabi 7. Ato ibn Abu Raboh (vaf. 114/732) mazhabi 8. Al-A’mash Sulaymon ibn Mehron (vaf. 148/765) mazhabi 9. Imom A’zam (vaf. 150/767) mazhabi 10. Sufyon as-Savriy (vaf. 161/778) mazhabi 11. Imom Lays ibn Sa’d (vaf. 175/791) mazhabi 12. Imom Molik (vaf. 179/795) mazhabi 2 Ibn Obidiyn. Hashiya ibn Obidiyn. –Riyoz: Dar alam al-kutub, 2003. J.1.-B: 41. 36 ` 13. Sufyon ibn Uyayna (vaf. 198/814)mazhabi 14. Imom Shofe’iy (vaf. 204/820) mazhabi 15. Ishoq ibn Ibrohim ibn Rohavayh (vaf. 238/852) mazhabi 16. Imom Ahmad (vaf. 241/855) mazhabi 17. Imom Dovud (vaf. 270/884) mazhabi 18. Muhammad ibn Jarir Tabariy (vaf. 310/923) mazhabi3 Ushbu mujtahidlar asos solgan mazhablarning hammasi ham o‘z vaqtida amalda bo‘lgan. Lekin vaqt o‘tishi bilan muayyan omillarga ko‘ra, bu mazhablarning orasidan to‘rt mazhab ajralib chiqdi: 1. Hanafiy 2. Molikiy 3. Shofeiy 4. Hanbaliy mazhablari Bizningcha, to‘rt mazhab saqlanib qolishining asosiy omili bu mazhablar ta’limotlari boshqa mazhablardan kuchliroq ekani emas, balki to‘rt mazhab boshqa o‘n to‘rt mazhab ta’limotini ham qamrab olganidir. Movarounnahr fiqh maktabining o‘ziga xos jihatlaridan, yutuqlari