TYPES OF SEMANTIC COGNITION

Аннотация

В тезисе рассматривается концепция семантического познания с акцентом на метод типологии, который включает классификацию и группировку объектов на основе обобщённых моделей. Типология широко применяется в различных научных дисциплинах, таких как биология, химия, лингвистика и социология, для сравнения и анализа различных систем и их структур. В статье обсуждаются эмпирические и теоретические типологии, методы их построения и их значение для понимания организации и эволюции систем. Также рассматривается историческое развитие типологии и её применение в современной лингвистике, особенно в изучении структуры и функций языков. Ключевые слова: Семантическое познание, Типология, Классификация, Эмпирическая типология, Теоретическая типология, Систематика, Таксономия, Лингвистика, Историческое развитие, Структуры языка, Эволюция Annotatsiya: Ushbu tezisda semantik ma’no tushunchasi, jumladan, umumlashtirilgan modellarga asoslangan obyektlarni tasniflash va guruhlash usuli boʻlgan tipologiya metodi koʻrib chiqiladi. Tipologiya biologiya, kimyo, tilshunoslik va sotsiologiya kabi turli ilmiy fanlarda tizimlar va ularning 23 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference tuzilmalarini solishtirish va tahlil qilishda keng qoʻllaniladi. Maqolada empirik va nazariy tipologiyalar, ularning qurilish usullari hamda tizimlarning tashkil etilishi va rivojlanishini tushunishdagi ahamiyati batafsil muhokama qilinadi. Shuningdek, maqolada tipologiyaning tarixiy rivojlanishi va uning zamonaviy tilshunoslikda, xususan, til tuzilmalari va funksiyalarini tushunishda qoʻllanilishi haqida soʻz yuritiladi. Kalit so’zlar: Semantik ma’no, Tipologiya, Tasniflash, Empirik tipologiya, Nazariy tipologiya, Sistematik, Taksonomiya, Tilshunoslik, Tarixiy rivojlanish, Til tuzilmalari, Evolyutsiya Semantic cognition involves a method of scientific analysis in which objects within a system are divided and grouped using generalized and idealized models or types. This method applies to objects existing at the same or different times, allowing for a comparative study of important features, connections, functions, relationships, or organizational levels. The term "typology" refers not only to the method but also to the outcome of the typological description and comparison of objects. Typological problems arise in all sciences that deal with diverse sets of objects. These objects are typically discrete and require an organized system of description and explanation. Examples of such sciences include chemistry, biology, psychology, linguistics, geography, and sociology. Typology is one of the most universal scientific approaches, focusing on establishing similarities and differences between objects under study while seeking reliable ways to identify and classify them. In its most developed form, typology aims to reveal the structure of the system being studied and establish patterns that may help predict the existence of previously unknown objects1. Typology can either be directly based on the concept of a "type" as a fundamental logical classification, or it may incorporate other logical forms such as classification, systematics, or taxonomy. The purpose of classification is to create hierarchical systems of classes and subclasses based on inherent or superficial features, such as name or number. Systematics, in contrast, uses a fixed hierarchy of descriptive units to carry out a complete and detailed classification of a set of objects. Taxonomy, meanwhile, provides the principles behind classification and systematics, laying the groundwork for rational categorization. Although the boundaries between these forms are somewhat arbitrary, their usage often depends on historical traditions within a field. For example, in biology, 1Comrie, B. (1989). Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. University of Chicago Press. 24 THEORETICAL ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES International scientific-online conference typological problems are often examined within the frameworks of taxonomy and systematics. Typology can be divided into two types based on their method of construction: empirical and theoretical. Empirical typologies are built on the quantitative analysis and generalization of experimental data, using the inductive method to identify features that indicate similarity or difference, followed by systematization and interpretation of the collected material. Theoretical typology, however, involves creating an ideal model of the object, which serves as a generalized representation of its features. This type of typology establishes principles for describing and classifying objects, as seen in the principles of homological similarity in biology or symmetry in physics. A theoretical typology views objects as systems, focusing on identifying the relationships that shape these systems and constructing a representation of their structural levels. This approach provides a fundamental means o