IMPACT OF INNOVATIVE SALINITY LEACHING AND IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY ON SALT BALANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS.

Аннотация

The use of a highly swelling hydrogel polymer compound, synthesized from local raw materials, as a water-saving irrigation technology at different rates during the cultivation of the winter wheat variety “Starshina” on gray-brown, light sandy soils with a non-saline profile in the newly developed desert zone of the Bukhara region, affects the germination and seedling density of winter wheat. The results of this effect are presented. In the experimental works, the hydrogel was applied at the following rates: in the 1st option (control), no hydrogel was used; in the 2nd option, 50 kg ha-1; in the 3rd option, 75 kg ha-1; in the 4th option, 100 kg ha-1; and in the 5th option, 125 kg ha-1. Keywords. Winter wheat, hydrogel, polymer, compound, seedling, seed, tillering, tuber, spiking, flowering, ripening. Introduction. Wheat is one of the oldest crops on Earth. There is still no clear information about its origin and where it was first cultivated. In some countries in Asia and Africa, wheat was grown 10,000 years ago, coinciding with the advent of agriculture, and it was also cultivated in Iraq 6,500 years later. Wheat was planted in Egypt 6,000 years before our era. The development cycle of wheat goes through several stages. The stages of winter wheat development are as follows: seed germination, tillering, stem elongation, heading, flowering, and ripening. One of the unique aspects of winter wheat is its ability to overwinter effectively. Therefore, the autumn-winter and early spring periods are the most critical for this crop. During this time, winter wheat can be damaged by unfavorable conditions, and in some cases, its sprouts may die. In Uzbekistan, winter wheat remains dormant for 3.5 to 5 months. During this period, it is exposed to several adverse conditions, the most significant of which is a sharp drop in air temperature. In such cases, ice crystals form within the cells, and if physiological processes are disrupted, excess moisture can accumulate in the 101 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference soil due to the slow melting of ice in the spring, leading to the wilting of seeds and grass. Experimental system and methods of conduct. Scientific research was conducted on the newly cultivated gray-brown, light sandy soils of the “Oltin Boshok” farm, located in Karaulbazar district, Bukhara region. In this field experiment, pre-irrigation soil moisture was maintained at 70- 70-65% compared to the limited soil moisture capacity. The fertilization rates were consistent across all options, with N-250, P-180, and K-90 kg ha-1 applied, and the elite winter wheat variety “Starshina” was planted. The research was conducted using five treatments with three replications, and the experiments were arranged in a single layer. Additionally, as a water-saving technology, hydrogel was applied at different rates: 50 kg ha-1 in the 1st and 2nd options, 75 kg ha-1 in the 3rd, 100 kg ha-1 in the 4th, and 125 kg ha-1 in the 5th. Results and analysis. Elite seeds of the “Starshina” variety of winter wheat were sown in the experimental field on the soil of the newly developed desert zone between October 13 and October 18 during the years 2019-2022. The crop was managed according to the agrotechnical practices recommended for the area. Three to five days after sowing, the seeds were irrigated lightly for recovery, and full germination was achieved within 9-10 days. It should be noted that in other regions, pre-planting irrigation is typically carried out to moisten the soil. However, due to the specific soil and climatic conditions of the Kaulbazar district - particularly the low moisture retention capacity of the soil— winter wheat seeds are planted and left for 2-3 days before irrigation. This allows the seeds to fully germinate; otherwise, there would not be enough soil moisture for germination. In the experimental field from 2019-2023, the germination of the “Starshina” variety of winter wheat ranged from 393.2 to 395.9 pieces/m², depending on the option. In the control option, where no hydrogel polymer compound was mixed into the soil, the number of seedlings was 393.2 pieces/m², with 379.9 pieces/m² surviving the winter, resulting in 13.3 pieces/m² dying. By the end of the growing season, the seedling density in the control option was 377.2 pieces/m². In the experiments, the seedling count in the 2nd option with hydrogel application at 50 kg ha-1 was 395.1 pieces/m², with 384.0 pieces/m² surviving the winter, and the final seedling density was 383.7 pieces/m², with 11.1 pieces/m² dying. In the third option, where the hydrogel polymer compound was applied at 75 kg ha-1, the initial seedling count was 395.9 pieces/m², with 386.5 pieces/m² surviving the winter, and the final seedling density was 385.6 pieces/m², with 9.4 pieces/m² dying. This shows that 102 ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE International scientific-online conference the number of overwintered seedlings was 1.5 pieces/m