COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF ETHNOS AND NATION

Аннотация

This article discusses the specific aspects of the concepts of ethnos, people, nation. Material and spiritual culture are discussed. 3. The existence of ethnos as a unified system. Keywords: Ethnos, ethnopsychology, customs, traditions, national consciousness, ethnic characteristics. СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОНЯТИЙ ЭТНОС И НАЦИЯ Аннотация. В данной статье рассматриваются конкретные аспекты понятий этнос, народ, нация. Обсуждаются материальная и духовная культура. 3. Существование этноса как единой системы. Ключевые слова: Этнос, этнопсихология, обычаи, традиции, национальное сознание, этнические особенности. Some signs of ethnopsychological characteristics are characteristic of all historical periods of human unity, namely clans, tribes, nations. As some researchers have shown, ethnopsychological characteristics do not arise only under the influence of one factor - the natural environment, but three factors influence their emergence. The first factor is the system of political, economic and social processes taking place in the life of society, the second includes the characteristics of the natural and geographical environment in which this ethnic unity lives. The third factor includes historical events and incidents that have occurred in the life of the people. But it should be said that in the system of ethnopsychological characteristics, the content of the psyche of people is determined primarily by the first factor - political-economic and social changes. The natural geographical factor mainly determines the external manifestations of the ethnopsychological image. Therefore, this factor is most clearly manifested in the eyes of the observer in relation to the first factor. Important historical events that have occurred in the life of a people inevitably leave an indelible psychological imprint on it. As a result of the constant influence of the same event in nature, people learn to perceive the features of this reality more deeply than representatives of ethnic groups living in other conditions. Because the external environment sends countless information, that is, various impressions, to our sensory organs, as a result of which, in the course of evolutionary development, a neuro-physiological mechanism is 47 ResearchBib IF-2023: 11.01, ISSN: 3030-3753, Valume 1 Issue 10 ISSN: 3030-3753. VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 formed in our body that ensures an adequate (appropriate) relationship with this external environment. It is manifested by the sensations and perceptions of people. Therefore, the stereotypical behaviors and cognitive characteristics characteristic of a particular people should be considered the highest manifestation of their adaptation to their external environment. The mental characteristics that have arisen under the constant influence of the external environment do not reflect the entire system of these impressions, but only those aspects that are important for him and have been strengthened in past experience. “Under the influence of an external factor, a person’s brain is formed, feelings, thoughts, desires, perceptions are manifested. Thus, the ideal is reflected in the form of a wish - a wish, and in the same way, ideal forces are formed,” wrote F. Engels. S. I. Korolev showed that the formed ethnopsychological characteristics play the role of a protective mechanism to a certain extent. It, like a grain of sand, separates out something alien and either accepts it, or transforms it on the basis of the norms existing in this people, or denies it. The unique perception of the surrounding reality, events, imagination and thinking, and their manifestation in the form of feelings and emotions, customs and traditions, character are considered irreplaceable and unique features of ethnopsychology. "A European who comes to Japan for the first time," writes I. S. Kon, "is surprised and embarrassed by the fact that a Japanese person smiles not only when he is happy, but also when he is being criticized, or when he is talking about something sad, for example, about death. An inexperienced person would consider it rudeness, arrogance or ruthlessness. In fact, smiling here has a different symbolic meaning; it means that he is ready to alleviate a difficult situation, to overcome these difficulties, and so on." To understand and explain the unique perception, thinking and desires of representatives of a particular nation, that is, the higher spiritual qualities, the reason for their manifestation should be sought not in the structure of the brain of the organism, but, as we have said above, in the historical development of the people, in the conditions of the natural environment surrounding it. Numerous studies and scientific research have shown that not only mental processes associated with complex cognitive processes, but also relatively simple processes and functions were formed on the basis of life experiences and socio-historical processes. The brain cannot think on its own without information coming from out