THE DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEK MAQOMS: HISTORY, ANALYSIS, AND CONTEMPORARY IMPACTS

Аннотация

INTRODUCTION grand structure, genre system, performance The maqom tradition, which plays a significant traditions, laws, and values. This genre is role in the music culture of the Uzbek people, has characterized by the formation of major musical undergone a long and complex development elements, the emergence of specific terminology, process historically. Initially, the criteria for and the unique expression methods and customary creative work and performance in this genre were practices within particular circles. The theory of reflected in the activities of palace musicians, and maqoms includes the musical language (the in oral tradition, they expanded into broader forms system of expression tools), which means the of development. Uzbek music has historically systematic connection of musical elements, their evolved along two main directions: folk music harmony, and their emergence as a specific form creativity and national classical music. Folk music and artistic work. creativity (folklore) stands out for its simplicity, straightforwardness of musical expression tools, Today, the attention given to the arts and culture ease of acceptance, and memorability. in Uzbekistan is evident in the context of social reforms, with this area being a central focus. In The development of these processes based on recent years, the government of the Republic of specific principles defines the distinctive Uzbekistan has adopted decrees and decisions that characteristics of music itself. National classical directly contribute to the advancement of the arts music, on the other hand, is distinguished by its https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajiir 234 THE USA JOURNALS THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY INNOVATIONS AND RESEARCH (ISSN- 2642-7478) VOLUME 06 ISSUE11 and culture. For example, in the field of culture and had a profound impact on classical Eastern music art development, the Presidential Decree No. PQ- theory. 3920 dated August 26, 2018, “On the Innovative In the works of Eastern thinkers, such as al- Development of Culture and Art in Uzbekistan,” Farabi’s Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir, Ibn Sina’s Risala and other decrees have set the foundation for fi Ilm al-Musiqi (The Treatise on Music), and Al- strengthening and advancing the sector. Khwarizmi’s Mafatih al-Ulum (The Keys to the In particular, on December 9, 2021, the decree PQ- Sciences), music theory is generally divided into 36 was adopted, focusing on the improvement of two main branches: Ilm al-Ta‘lif (composition) and the system for supporting the development of Ilm al-Iyqo‘ (rhythm). The concept of Ilm al-Ta‘lif is culture and art, and on February 2, 2022, the similar to the modern concepts of lad and maqom. decree PQ-112 addressed additional measures for Over time, starting with Safiuddin Urmavi and further advancement of the sector. These continuing until Abdurahman Jami, these two initiatives have set urgent issues for sector concepts were consolidated into the term Ilm al- specialists to implement, as reflected in the 2023 Adwar, encompassing theoretical concepts related strategic framework "Uzbekistan-2030," which to lad (modes) and maqom (musical forms). identifies the necessary reforms for culture and art Many scholarly works have thoroughly examined by 2030. the structural composition, unique features, and Literature Review And Analysis theoretical and practical aspects of maqoms. To understand the meaning and content of maqoms, In recent history, the creative, performing, and the study of theoretical elements, parda-lad stylistic aspects of maqom traditions in Central systems and their interrelations, methods, forms, Asia, as well as in the Near and Middle Eastern and principles of formation is of paramount regions, have varied significantly. From the 9th importance. century onward, musical treatises began to emerge in Central Asia. These treatises focused on METHODOLOGY theoretical and scientific issues of music, Practically, the acoustic structure of musical describing musical instruments in detail and instruments, particularly those used in maqom naming leading musicians and ancient music performance, such as the tanbur, and the traditions works of their time. of performance, should be carefully analyzed and In many of these works, the theoretical part is documented. The influence of international divided into two main sections: the study of the musical connections, particularly from Eastern nag‘ma (melody) and parda (mode) system, as well Turkistan, on the creative process must also be as the science of iyqo‘ (rhythmic foundations). taken into account. The basic principles of maqoms Prominent scholars such as Abu Nasr al-Farabi and musical compositions, their commonalities (870-950), Safiuddin Urmavi (1216-1294), and laws of stability, as well as the transformations Abdulqadir Maraghi (1353-1435), and in their various forms, have persisted up to the Abdurahman Jami (1414-1492) have contributed present day. significantly to these st