OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF ORCHESTRA AND CHORAL CONDUCTING

Аннотация

This article describes the history of orchestra and choir conducting, the types of musicians' activities, the development of conducting techniques and the process of improvement. Key words: conductor, orchestra, leader, music, pause, skill. ОБЗОР ИСТОРИИ ОРКЕСТРОВОГО И ХОРОВОГО ДИРИЖИРОВАНИЯ Аннотация. В статье описывается история оркестрового и хорового дирижирования, виды деятельности музыкантов, развитие техники дирижирования и процесс ее совершенствования. Ключевые слова: дирижер, оркестр, руководитель, музыка, пауза, мастерство. The word "conductor" is pronounced differently in different languages: the Germans say "Dirident", the Italians say "Diridente", the French say "Chef orchestre", the English say "Conductor". In any language, this word means leader, chief, director. Thus, the conductor is the leader of the orchestra. Its main task is to control the active and well-organized life of the community. The conductor ensures that the musicians perform the musical piece in harmony, that they start and end the piece together, play their instruments in unison, keep the pauses in time, and start the tune in unison. The conductor should adapt the performance of the musicians to a single rhythm and tempo, and give signs to direct them to the performance. By the way, for a long time, many people understood that the task of the conductor is only to ensure the performance of the orchestra in a single rhythm. In fact, the profession of a conductor is very complicated and difficult. It requires a lot of mental and nervous work, constant physical strength. Therefore, a conductor must have good health and endurance. The self-control necessary for him also depends on the state of health and nervous system. The conductor is the main coordinator of the activities of more than 100 musicians. His role is partly similar to that of a director. The director is the artistic director of the stage work in the theater, he coordinates all the work related to the preparation of the performance. The conductor can also be considered as the direct director of the orchestra. Leo Tolstoy's "What is Art?" in his famous article called "The activity of art is to restore the once-experienced emotion and express it through words, using movement, paint, sounds, and symbols in such a way that others can also experience this emotion." consists of delivery. Art is a type of human activity, through which a person conveys his feelings to others through external signs, and they transfer this feeling to their hearts. they feel from the heart." This recognition directly applies to the art of conducting. This is the conductor's emotional influence. his ability to convey emotions to others is important. First of all, he needs to captivate the orchestra with his emotions, and then to enchant the audience with him. It is the ability to have an emotional impact that largely determines the talent of a conductor, his artistic skills and the quality of his work. 4 26 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2024 VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ To others the ability to convey one's own feelings is a sign of the independence of the conductor's creativity and, moreover, inspiration. This art has a long history. Ever since people began to sing on the biga, they had a need to follow a common rhythm and tempo. In the dances and songs of primitive peoples, the rhythm is clapped, as well as pounded or drummed. In ancient Greece, there were choir leaders who beat their feet and set the rhythm. It is also known that in the Roman school of singing, certain hand movements were used to control the music. These two methods of conducting formed the basis of orchestral management, with the conductor striking the beat with his feet, tapping the keyboard or the floor with a baton, and also striking the keyboard with a reduced sheet of music. was standing So, it took a long time to demonstrate the tact with the foot. Therefore, many people remember this thing with disgust. In particular, the German composer Matteson (1731) sarcastically said: "It is surprising that some people express a positive opinion about showing the beat with their feet, perhaps they think that their feet are smarter than their heads. That's why they obey the foot." At that time, the conductor's baton was made in different lengths. Sometimes it reached 180 cm in length and was called the "Royal Brass Rod" and was struck on the ground to mark the beat. It is not difficult to imagine how loud the sound of percussion hitting the floor in an opera house, a concert hall, or a church can be. This method of conducting an orchestra was especially common in France, particularly in Paris. It was introduced and spread by a composer named Lully. One day, he was so engrossed in music that he injured his leg with the sharp end of a cane while conducting. This wound caused his death. However, this tragedy did not overshadow this deeply rooted tradition. In a word