ABOUT THE HISTORY OF ETHNOGRAPHY

Аннотация

This article discusses the theory of the history of ethnography about people and ethnic groups, ethnic processes in the past. Keywords: ethnography, folk science, people, past, anthropologist. ОБ ИСТОРИИ ЭТНОГРАФИИ Аннотация. В статье рассматривается теория истории этнографии о людях и этносах, этнических процессах в прошлом. Ключевые слова: этнография, фольклор, народ, прошлое, антрополог. Ethnography (Greek: ethno- people and ... graphia - I write), ethnology, folk science - a special field of science that studies all the peoples of the world, various types of ethnic unity, their origin (ethnogenesis), lifestyle, customs, their differences or commonalities and similarities, their specific characteristics, regardless of the level of material and spiritual development. Ethnography studies the origin and formation, location and ethnic structure, customs, spiritual culture and national characteristics of modern ethnic groups in connection with the historical process. It studies the features of historically extinct peoples and ethnic groups, ethnic processes in the past, everyday life and spiritual culture. Although ethnography has its origins in ancient times, it was formed as an independent science only in the middle of the 19th century. Initially, this term was used by the German writer I. Zummer at the end of the 16th century, and then at the end of the 18th century and in 1808, special journals began to appear with this name. The word ethnography was adopted as a separate science at the Paris Congress of Anthropologists (1839) at the suggestion of the famous French naturalist and physicist Jean-Jacques Ampère. Ethnography initially collects factual knowledge, then, by analyzing it, understands its essence and draws theoretical conclusions. The science of ethnography, like other sciences, has its own special research methods and special terms. Its style is associated with a certain worldview and theories (methodology), and it conducts its research in connection with certain scientific fields such as anthropology, archeology, linguistics, sociology, and art history. Due to the interdependence of these disciplines, in recent years, dual scientific fields have also emerged, such as ethnic anthropology, paleoethnography, ethnolinguistics, etc. 82 Noyabr, 2024-Yil Sociological research conducted in recent years has been fruitful in deeply and widely studying ethnic processes in the present era. As a result, the emergence of new scientific fields such as ethnosociology and ethnopsychology is of great importance. In addition, new fields such as ethnobotany and ethnozoology are working in collaboration with ethnography to determine the economic characteristics of peoples with specific lifestyles, such as cultivating wild plants or domesticating and breeding wild animals, depending on natural and geographical conditions. In the study of peoples, ethnography uses an extremely wide and diverse range of sources and methods. Famous ethnographers (L. Morgan, N.N. Miklukho-Maclay, V.G. Bogoraz) have noted that research conducted by long-term observation in one place is the most effective. Research work conducted in a short period of time, in certain seasons, is the expedition method, which is now widespread and is called the seasonal method. In fieldwork, methods such as collecting information through interviews with informants, writing or recording, observing certain household and cultural events, family and marriage relations and rituals, folk festivals and games, directly participating in them and studying them seriously (writing, drawing, photographing) are mainly used. In the study of spiritual culture (especially some customs and rituals, folk games, worship, national dances), modern technical means (photo, video and film equipment) are widely used. The science of ethnography in Uzbekistan. The most ancient ethnographic information about the tribes and peoples living in the territory of Uzbekistan is found in the earliest written sources, in the works of Greek and Roman authors Hecataeus, Strabo, Herodotus, Arrian, Ptolemy and Ctesias, Diodorus Siculus, Pompey Trog, Tacitus. Valuable information about the ancient ancestors of the peoples of Central Asia and their way of life, customs and rituals can also be found in the sacred book of the Zoroastrian religion, the Avesta. From the 6th to the 1st centuries BC until the Arab conquest, we find information about the peoples of Central Asia in the rock inscriptions of the ancient Achaemenid era, in Parthian, Sogdian, Khorezmian, Bakhtari written monuments, Chinese travelogues, in the Middle Persian-Pahlavi monuments of Sassanid Iran, in Armenian sources, and in ancient Turkic written monuments. The early medieval (9th-12th centuries) authors, geographers and travelers Ibn Khurdadbeh, al-Balkhy, Istakhri, Ibn Havkal, Masudi, and Yakut Hamavi wrote down valuable information about the civilization of the peoples of the East in their travelogues. The epics "Dada Korkut", "A