IOT-DAGI ALOQA MODELLARI YORDAMIDA QURILMALAR O‘RTASIDA MA’LUMOTLARNI UZATISH VA QABUL QILISH

Аннотация

This thesis studies the processes of sending and receiving data between devices using communication models in Internet of Things (IoT) systems. IoT (Internet of Things) technology enables the transmission and reception of data between various devices and systems in our daily life. An important aspect of this technology is effective and secure communication between devices. Communication models in IoT mainly provide methods of data exchange between devices. Devices connect to each other and exchange data in real time 123 ILM-FAN VA INNOVATSIYA ILMIY-AMALIY KONFERENSIYASI in-academy.uz/index.php/si using various networks and protocols. The main communication models used in IoT include centralized, distributed, and hybrid models. In the centralized model, all data is managed through one central server. In the distributed model, devices exchange information directly with each other. A mixed model is a combination of two approaches, which allows to create flexible and scalable systems. Also, IoT systems communicate using various networks (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee) and protocols (MQTT, CoAP). Communication models in IoT play an important role in ensuring effective collaboration of devices, fast and reliable data delivery, and security. Effective and secure communication between IoT devices is important to improve their functionality. The analysis in the thesis includes communication protocols, architecture, information exchange mechanisms and security issues. The main goal is to determine the most effective communication models to optimize the data exchange processes of IoT devices. The results of this research are expected to open new directions for the development and widespread use of IoT systems. Key words: IoT (Internet of Things), Communication models, MQTT, CoAP, Client-server model, Peer-to-peer model, Publish-subscribe model, IoT security. Kirish. IoT (Internet of Things) texnologiyasi kundalik hayotimizda va sanoat tarmoqlarida tobora keng qo‘llanilmoqda. IoT texnologiyalari orqali turli qurilmalar bir-biri bilan bevosita aloqa qilishlari, ma’lumot almashishlari va bu jarayonni boshqarishlari mumkin. Ushbu texnologiya zamonaviy jamiyatda avtomatlashtirish va raqamlashtirishga muhim hissa qo‘shmoqda. Ushbu maqolada IoT (Internet of Things) texnologiyalarida qo‘llaniladigan aloqa modellari va ularning asosiy xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. IoT dagi aloqa modellari IoT tizimida qurilmalar o‘rtasida ma’lumotlarni uzatish va qabul qilish jarayonlari turli aloqa modellariga asoslanadi. Aloqa modellari IoT tizimlarining samaradorligini ta’minlash uchun muhim omil hisoblanadi. Quyida IoT qurilmalari o‘rtasida keng qo‘llaniladigan asosiy aloqa modellari keltirilgan:  Klient-server modeli o IoT tarmog‘ida keng qo‘llaniladigan ushbu modelda qurilma (klient) ma’lumotlarni serverdan so‘rab oladi yoki unga uzatadi.Ushbu model katta hajmdagi ma’lumotlarni uzatish uchun qulay bo‘lib, ma’lumotlarni markazlashgan tarzda boshqarishni ta’minlaydi. Bu model an’anaviy kompyuter tarmoqlarida ham keng qo‘llaniladi.  Peer-to-peer (P2P) modeli o Ushbu modelda qurilmalar bir-biriga teng huquqli bo‘lib, ma’lumotlarni bevosita almashadi. P2P modeli markaziy serverga ehtiyoj sezmasdan to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri ulanishlarni amalga oshiradi, bu esa kechikish va tarmoqning markaziy qismida yuklamani kamaytirishga yordam beradi.  Publish-subscribe modeli o Ushbu modelda ma’lumotlarni yuboruvchi qurilmalar (publisher) va qabul qiluvchi qurilmalar (subscriber) mavjud bo‘lib, ularning har biri ma’lum bir mavzuga (topic) asoslangan holda aloqa o‘rnatadi. Qurilmalar bir-birlari bilan to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri aloqaga kirishmaydi, balki ma’lumotlar almashinuvini boshqaruvchi broker orqali bog‘lanadi. Bu model real vaqtda monitoring qilish tizimlari uchun juda qulaydir.  MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) 124 ILM-FAN VA INNOVATSIYA ILMIY-AMALIY KONFERENSIYASI in-academy.uz/index.php/si o MQTT IoT tarmoqlarida keng qo‘llaniladigan va kam quvvat sarflaydigan protokollardan biri bo‘lib, u publish-subscribe modeliga asoslanadi. Ushbu protokol kichik o‘lchamdagi ma’lumotlarni tez uzatish imkonini beradi va ayniqsa past kechikish talab qilinadigan tarmoqlar uchun mos keladi.  CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) o CoAP — past quvvatli qurilmalar uchun mo‘ljallangan va RESTful modelga asoslangan engil protokoldir. Ushbu protokol kichik hajmdagi ma’lumotlar almashinuvini ta’minlab, IoT qurilmalarining samaradorligini oshiradi. IoT-dagi aloqa modellarining har biri o‘ziga xos afzalliklari va cheklovlariga ega:  Klient-server modeli qulay va keng tarqalgan bo‘lsa-da, markazlashgan arxitektura tarmoqdagi serverga katta yuklama tushirishi mumkin.  P2P modeli markaziy serverga ehtiyoj sezmasdan, ma’lumotlarni tezkor almashishga imkon beradi, ammo bu modelda xavfsizlik masalalari ko‘proq e’tiborni talab qiladi.  Publish-subscribe modeli katta miqdordagi qurilmalar o‘rtasida ma’lumotlarni samarali uzatish uchun qulay, biroq qo‘shimcha broker tarmoqda kec