FROM THE HISTORY OF CHORAL PERFORMANCE

Аннотация

This article talks about the history of choral performance, music theory and the classification of conductors. Key words: music, art, choral performance, sound, community, creativity. ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ХОРОВОГО ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬСТВА Аннотация. В статье говорится об истории хорового исполнительства, теории музыки и классификации дирижеров. Ключевые слова: музыка, искусство, хоровое исполнительство, звук, сообщество, творчество. It is known that music means "the art of the muses" in Greek1. Music is a form of art that reflects a person's emotional experiences, thoughts, imagination through musical sound - tone, consistency or set of melodies. Its content consists of changing musical-artistic images, and it embodies various human moods - elation, joy, pleasure, sadness, danger, fear and a number of other emotions. In addition, music vividly reflects the will qualities of a person, such as determination, aspiration, thoughtfulness, restraint, and his nature - his client. Volitional and pictorial possibilities of music were highly evaluated, commented and scientifically researched by Greek scientists - Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Eastern thinkers - Farabi, ibn Sina, Jami, Navai, Babur, Kavkabi, figures of Sufism - Imam Ghazali, Kalabadi Bukhari. In ancient Europe, more precisely, in a small village church in Italy, there lived a person named Guido de Arezzo (Guido of Aretino, about 990-1050), a choirmaster and music theorist. In order to explain to children, he used five fingers on the hand (now the name of this system is called "Solmization") to show the location of the pitches, to sing high or low. It is said that musical notation is formed in this way. Choir is a group of singers, derived from the Greek word "Horos", meaning a group of singers gathered under one goal and task. From small folk songs to large choral works, singing according to the abilities of one's voice is called a choir. Choir performance is a mass democratic art that involves complex work. It educates the musical-aesthetic taste of performers and listeners. The word "conductor" is derived from the French language and means "conductor". Of course, when singing in a group or performing a melody in a group on musical instruments, the sound of the conductor is important. When it comes to the classification of a conductor, there are orchestra conductors and choral conductors. Although these two professions are related by the word management, their duties are different. For example, if an orchestra conductor sets the musical direction, dynamics, lines and other similar requirements of the work as a goal, the choir conductor, in addition to the requirements set by the orchestra conductor, will have breath, speech, pronunciation, the beginning of a sentence, focuses on connection, flow and completion. In the process of working with the choir, it is necessary to pay attention to the control of the rest of the voice. Because if a person uses his voice without stopping for 10-15 minutes and this situation is repeated continuously, 6 90 International scientific journal ISSN: 2181-3906 «MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH» 2024 VOLUME 3 / ISSUE 10 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ negative changes may occur in the sound fibers in the throat. Besides, the conductor of the choir must be able to sing beautifully. Because, during the work process, it is necessary to sing to the choir. The conductor of the choir must strictly comply with the above requirements. In the book "Uzbekistan Children's Choir Culture" (Tashkent 2002) by N.A. Bakhritdinova, professor of the Department of Choral Conducting of the State Conservatory of Uzbekistan, there is more about the choir, along with how to work with the choir, choral culture, choral art, history, and methods of working with the choir in Uzbekistan and the world. It is possible to have a lot of information. It is known from history that sounds existed even before the creation of mankind. After the creation of mankind, various creatures, birds, animals, and natural phenomena tried to express their voices. Later, when they started to live as a group and a tribe, they were able to shout as a group and scare them with different sounds in order to avoid the attack of animals. In addition, when danger is felt, they warn each other using different voices. The culture, national art and rich artistic traditions of each nation are determined by material and spiritual wealth inherited from ancestors. One of such values is the art of singing. Music originated with sound. For centuries, thousands of years, the art of sound existed even before musical instruments were created. After that, musical instruments were invented. With songs and melodies, a person can be brought to a state of goodness, light, purity, cheerfulness, and other mental states in any situation. Ancient scientists have emphasized that even mental illness can be treated with music. This period is famous for the emergence of ancient oral musical-poetic creativity, dominated by ethnic